Utilization of Fossil Plant CO2 for the Production of Syngas for Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals

1. Utilization of Fossil Plant CO2 for the Production of Syngas for Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals Dale BradshawCEO Electrivation 423.238.4052, dtbradshaw@electrivation.com www.electrivation.com

2. Energy Storage via Liquids and Chemicals– Key to Integrating Renewables and Managing CO2 High Temperature Co- Electrolysis (HTCE) Generates “Green” H2, O2, CO Efficient Operations @ Temperatures > 600 °C Power to Operate from Nuclear/Renewable Energy Sources HTCE Minimizes Carbon Emissions: Manages carbon emissions through conversion to liquid fuels Starting point for commercial synthetic chemical products • Operation: • HT Steam & CO2 • Recycled CO2 from combustion process • O2 produced at Electrode 1 (with use for IGCC or OxyCombustion) • H2 & CO (Syngas) produced at Electrode 2 for conversion to liquid fuel and/or chemicals

3. INL High Temperature Steam Co-Electrolysis Testing Systems Integrated Lab Scale; 850C for 1,000 hrs 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm Cell Stack HTSE Kiln 850C for 2,500 hrs

4. Could Bloom Energy’s Bloom Box Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) be the Foundation for a large scale HTCE system? Bloom Energy Bloom Box is an SOFC that has is proving to be very reliable in tests with ebay, Google, Wal-Mart Bloom Energy Bloom Box is currently very expensive now at $8000/kW, but in large scale for HTCE and in mass production costs could drop. Breakeven for HTCE is at about $6000/kW at $70/BBl for liquid fuel and $70/ton CO2 allowance price Bloom Box will not become cost effective for DG until costs drop to $1000/kW to $2000/kW depending on financing and price for natural gas

5. Oxy-Combustion Combined with HTCE Farzan, H., Vecci, S., McDonald, D., McCauley, K, Pranda, P., Varagani, R., Gautier, F., Tranier, J.P. and Perrin, N., ”State of the Art of Oxy-Coal Combustion Technology for CO2 Control from Coal-Fired Boilers,” Third International Technical Conference on Clean Coal Technologies for Our Future, Sardinia, Italy, May 15 - 17 (2007) Carbon Sequestration: Oxy-Fuel Combustion, R&D Facts, NETL, www.netl.doe.gov X O2 fed from HTCE Unit CO2/steam from Coal Plant fed to HTCE Unit H2, CO, and O2 released at 1200 to 1500 F to produce steam and electricity

6. Use of Syngas from HTCE

7. Near Term Use of HTSE for Existing and Future Fossil Plants On-Site Production of hydrogen for generator cooling (make up for leakage of hydrogen) On-Site Production of ammonia (with import of nitrogen or onsite production of nitrogen and hydrogen from HTSE) for use in: Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx Ammonia for chilled or aqueous ammonia CO2 removal systems On-Site production of urea for Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) of NOx with hydrogen from HTSE and CO2 imported to the plant or captured on site By-product oxygen for IGCC or OxyCombustion.

8. Example: Consider traditional fossil plant Oxidation of feed carbon conveniently generates process energy But, it also produces non-useful CO2 emissions Fossil Resource 100 Units Energy CO2 Chemical Upgrading Energy Product Fuel As Electricity 30 to 40 Units Energy Oxidation

9. Next Generation HTCE using non-fossil energy sources Generate heat and H2 from no carbon sources Convert more input carbon into useful product External energy from wind, solar, biomass or nuclear transferred into product Fossil Resource 100 Units Energy CO2 Chemical Upgrading Energy More Product Fuel and Electricity 125 Units “C” Mass With 36 units of electricity from syngas cooling And 89 liquid fuels and chemicals Low Carbon Heat, H2 250 Units

10. HTCE and HTSE efficiency

11. HTCE efficiency

12. Summary HTCE can produce liquid fuels from a Bloom Box SOFC at a forecasted economy of scale prices of $3000/kW plus wind at $2500/kW, CO2 allowance at $70/ton at prices less than $40/BBl to $90/BBl depending on cost of money OxyCombustion plant will have about 20% higher plant output and will have a lower capital cost because there will be no need for an Air Separation Unit (ASU) to produce the oxygen HTCE is an adiabatic process. Thus 1200 F waste heat in the syngas and oxygen will be recovered at 30% efficiency. As wind is available it can displace electricity from the grid or from the coal fired power plant to produce chemicals As solar is available from a concentrating solar plant it can supplement the high temperature steam from the fossil plant

13. High Temperature Steam “Co-Electrolysis” Plant Using a VHTR H2/Syngas CO2/Water High Temperature Source i.e., Ultra Super Critical Fossil Plant, Nuclear Reactors (HTR/VHTR)

14. Conclusions CEATI SOIG/TGIG needs $95k of collaborative funding for project “Utilization of Fossil Plant CO2 for the Production of Syngas for Synthetic Fuels and chemicals” and NRECA CRN has agreed to contribute $25k. Transformational Technology in HTCE coupled with Fossil Energy is path to “Next Generation” Energy Systems that Preserve U.S. Energy Security and Manage Climate Change Using HTCE, Energy Plants can operate at Base Load Capacity (more efficient) and capture renewable energy via storage by converting to liquid fuels High Temperature Steam (Co-) Electrolysis Helps manage CO2 emissions and provides H2 for upgrading renewable energy sources (biomass) INL has ongoing work (DOE-NE/DOD) supporting application of HTSE and HTCE to Fossil and Renewable Energy Production ($4 million with DOD) HTSE capable of creating regional “energy/industrial clusters” that create new jobs plus improve national energy security INL//CEATI Collaboration Provides Excellent Opportunity to Apply HTCE Technology in “Living Laboratory” required to bring technology to society