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EECS 800 Research Seminar Mining Biological Data

EECS 800 Research Seminar Mining Biological Data. Instructor: Luke Huan Fall, 2006. Overview. A quick review of PCA Graph mining in microarray analysis Graph indexing. Data Matrix. The data matrix: where is a column vector is the column mean of. Projection.

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EECS 800 Research Seminar Mining Biological Data

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  1. EECS 800 Research SeminarMining Biological Data Instructor: Luke Huan Fall, 2006

  2. Overview • A quick review of PCA • Graph mining in microarray analysis • Graph indexing

  3. Data Matrix • The data matrix: where is a column vector is the column mean of

  4. Projection • Project the data matrix to a line where is a unit column vector • The variance of the projection is Where is the covariance matrix

  5. Derivation of PCs To find λ that maximizes V subject to Let k be a Lagrange multiplier Therefore λ is an eigenvector of Σ. Chose the engenvector with the largest eigenvalue

  6. Relational Graph • Each node represents a distinct entity • Social networks • Gene relevance networks • Protein interaction networks … YKL172W YOR206W YPL146C …

  7. Motivation • Highly connected subgraphs in a large graph usually are not artifacts (group, functionality) • Recurrent patterns discovered in multiple graphs are more robust than the patterns mined from a single graph

  8. Microarray Data Analysis • How to integration results from multiple microarray experiments that are performed on the same set of genes?

  9. Problem Definition • Given a set of relational graphs, find all frequent closed subgraphs with high edge connectivity

  10. Constraints • Highly connected subgraph • The edge connectivity is greater than a threshold • Frequent subgraph • A subgraph is frequent if a large number of graphs contain this subgraph • Closed subgraph • A subgraph is closed if there does not exist a supergraph that has the same support

  11. G Minimum Cut Decomposition • A minimal cut of a graph G is the (minimal) set of edges, once removed from G, G becomes an unconnected graphs. • The connectivity of G is defined as the size of the minimal cut of G. • Problem: find subgraphs in a graph such that its minimum cut size (edge connectivity) is greater than K

  12. Minimum Cut Decomposition • Solution: repeatedly find a minimum cut in the graph and remove the cut edges until the minimum cut size is greater than K or there is no edge left

  13. Challenges • How to perform minimum cut decomposition in the context of multiple relational graphs • How to integrate with pattern-growth approach and pattern-reduction approach

  14. G’ G No Downward Closure Property • Given two graphs G and G’, if G is a subgraph of G’, it does not imply that the connectivity of G is less than that of G’, and vice versa.

  15. Minimum Degree Constraint Let G be a frequent graph and X be the set of edges which can be added to G such that G U e (e ε X) is connected and frequent. Graph G U X is the maximal graph that can be extended for the vertices belong to G. G U X G

  16. Pattern-Growth Approach • Find a small frequent candidate graph • Remove vertices (shadow graph) whose degree is less than the connectivity • Decompose it to extract the subgraphs satisfying the connectivity constraint • Stop decomposing when the subgraph has been checked before • Extend this candidate graph by adding new vertices and edges • Repeat

  17. Pattern-Reduction Approach • Decompose the relational graphs according to the connectivity constraint

  18. Pattern-Reduction Approach (cont.) • Intersect them and decompose the resulting subgraphs decompose + +

  19. Experimental Results • Pattern-growth approach: CloseCut • Pattern-reduction approach: Splat • Synthetic data: the number of graphs, objects, seeds, the size of seeds, the density, the number of seeds per graph, and the density of noise edges

  20. Experimental Results (cont.) • 32 yeast microarray data sets from Stanford Microarray Database and the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus • Each data set has the expression profiles of 6,661 genes in at least 8 experiments, • Cell cycle • Amino acid starvation • Heat shock • … • We constructed 32 relational graphs from this dataset

  21. Experimental Results (Synthetic Data)

  22. Experimental Results (32 Microarray Datasets )

  23. Discovered Patterns • Ribosomal RNA Processing UNKNOWN

  24. Discovered Patterns • Ribosomal Biogenesis UNKNOWN

  25. Summary • Introduce a new graph mining problem • Develop graph algorithms in the context of multiple graphs, where the existing methods should be re-examined • Demonstrate the applicability of frequent graph mining in biological network

  26. Types of Graph Database Queries • Given a query graph Q and a graph database G, perform one of the following: • Graph Isomorphism Query: Find a graph in G equivalent to Q. • Subgraph Isomorphism Query: Find all graphs in G with a subgraph equivalent to Q. • Similarity Query: Find all graphs in G which are similar to Q.

  27. Graph Isomorphism Let V(G) be the vertex set of a graph and E(G) its edge set. Graphs G and H are isomorphic iff there is a bijection f: V(G) →V(H) such that uv ε E(G) if and only if f(u)f(v) ε E(G).

  28. Graph Labeling • All nodes in a graph may be considered equivalent. Labels in such a graph are merely names. • Alternatively, graphs may be labeled with class labels. For example, in the graph of benzene, vertexes labeled with “C” correspond with carbon atoms. Vertexes with “H” correspond with hydrogen atoms. Nodes and edges with different class labels are not considered interchangeable.

  29. B B B A Z A Z Z A A B B B B B M M M Class Labels and Isomorphism Under a class labeling scheme, graph isomorphism limits a bijection to only map nodes/edges with an equivalent class label. @ @

  30. Subgraph Isomorphism • Let V(G) be the vertex set of a graph and E(G) its edge set. Graphs G and H are sub-isomorphic iff there is an injection f: V(G) -> V(H) such that uv ε E(G) if and only if f(u)f(v) ε E(G). In other words: • A graph G is sub-isomorphic to graph H iff graph G is isomorphic to at least one subgraph of H.

  31. Graph Similarity • What makes two graphs similar? • Abstractly, two graphs can be described as similar if they have a high number of corresponding nodes and edges. • However, in depending on the interpretation, the change of a single node may (or may not) completely change the properties of the represented object. Thus, similarity is application dependent.

  32. B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B M M M M Graph Similarity For this discussion, similarity between two graphs, G1 and G2, is defined as the maximum number of node and edge matches under any mapping of nodes between them. B A Z N M Similarity = 3 Similarity = 6

  33. B B B B B A Z M M B B B B M M B B B B Z N A Graph Isomorphism Query B B + => M Graph Query Graph IsomorphismMatches B B Database of Graphs

  34. B B B B B B A A Z Z M M B B B B B B M M M B B B B Z N A Subgraph Isomorphism Query B B + => M Graph Query Subgraph IsomorphismMatches B B Database of Graphs

  35. B B B B B B A A Z Z M M B B B B B B M M M B B B B B B B B Z Z N N A Graph Similarity Query > 4 Similarity Criteria + => B B M Graph Query B B Subgraph Similarity Matches Database of Graphs

  36. Computational Challenges • Pairwise graph comparisons is difficult. • Graph isomorphism problem is GI-Complete. • Subgraph isomorphism problem is NP-Complete. • Usual similarity comparisons also not in P. • Graph databases are often large in size. • NCI/NIH AIDS antiviral screen dataset contains ~42,000 chemical compounds with average 25 vertices and 27 edges. • Intelligent indexing and filtering is needed!

  37. Related Work • GraphGrep by Sasha et al. • Filters by enumerating all possible node-to-node paths up to a specified maximum length. • GIndex by Yan et al. • Indexes by finding distinctive features from frequently occurring subgraphs. • Limitations: • Support only discrete values for nodes and edges. • Require exhaustive enumeration of features. • Summarizing features lose information about graphs.

  38. B B M Graph Closures A graph closure is a an element-wise union of graphs. It has the characteristics of a graph except that instead of singleton labels, a graph closure can have multiple labels. The symbol ε represents a null label. {B,C} B C B M M {C, ε} C G1 G2 C1 = Closure(G1, G2)

  39. B B C B M M Volume of Graph Closures A graph closure is a bounding container which can contain one or more graphs. The volume of a graph closure is determined by the number of graph permutations it contains. B B B C {B,C} B == M M M C C {C, ε} Volume(C1) = 4 C1

  40. B B M Isomorphism of Graph Closures Isomorphism can be extended to graph closures. When matching, any label of node or edge can be used: • A graph is sub-isomorphic to a graph closure if it is sub-isomorphic to at least one of the graphs it encloses. {B,C} C B B => M M M {C, ε} Sub-isomorphs C

  41. Pseudo Subgraph Isomorphism

  42. Further Readings • H. Hu, X. Yan, Yu, J. Han and X. J. Zhou, Mining coherent dense subgraphs across massive biological networks for functional discoveryISMB'05. • X. Yan, X. Jasmine Zhou, and J. Han, Mining closed relational graphs with connectivity constraints, by SIGKDD'05. • Huahai He, Singh, A.K. Closure-Tree: An Index Structure for Graph Queries, ICDE’06 • David Williams, Jun Huan, Wei Wang Graph Database Indexing Using Structured Graph Decomposition, ICDE’07

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