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OSI Model

OSI Model. IP address. Type of Address. MAC address IP address. MAC to IP Address Comparison. MAC address Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network Each MAC address is unique

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OSI Model

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  1. OSI Model IP address

  2. Type of Address • MAC address • IP address

  3. MAC to IP Address Comparison • MAC address • Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network • Each MAC address is unique • A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the circuit board that has the networking logic implemented, and provides a plug for the cable into the computer (unless wireless). In most cases, this is an Ethernet card inserted in a slot of the computer’s motherboard • Network devices cannot using MAC way traffic addresses because they: • Are not grouped logically • Cannot be changed • Do not give information network configuration CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  4. MAC to IP Address Comparison (continued) • IP addresses/ (internet protocol address) • is a numerical representation that uniquely identifies a specific interface on the network. • IP address identifies both a network and a host CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  5. OSI Model Versions of IP address • IPv4 • IPv6

  6. OSI Model IPv4

  7. Types of IPv4 address • Static address • Dynamic address

  8. Types of IP address • Static IP address • manually input by network administrator • manageable for small networks • requires careful checks to avoid duplication

  9. Types of IP address • Dynamic IP address • Used protocol DHCP • assigned by server when host boots • derived automatically from a range of addresses • Is a temporary address used by the client and then returned back to the server

  10. IP Addressing • An IP address has 32 bits divided into four octets • To make the address easier to read, people use decimal numbers to represent the binary digits • Example: 192.168.1.1 • Dotted decimal notation • When binary IP addresses are written in decimal format CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  11. Binary and Decimal Conversion

  12. Example 5.1 Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation. a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111 b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111 c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111 d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111 Solution We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation: a. 129.11.11.239 b. 193.131.27.255 c. 231.219.139.111 d. 249.155.251.15 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  13. Example 5.2 Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. a. 111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82 c. 241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78 Solution We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent: a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110 b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010 c. 11110001 00001000 00111000 00001100 d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  14. Example 5.3 Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses: a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20 c. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67 Solution a. There should be no leading zeroes (045). b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address. c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255. d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  15. Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses

  16. IP Address Classes

  17. IP Address Classes

  18. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

  19. Network Addressing • IP addresses identify both the network and the host • Subnet mask • Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field • Standard (default) subnet masks: • Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 • Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 • Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  20. Default Subnet Masks

  21. Subnetting • TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address and the subnet mask • To determine if other addresses are local or remote • The binary AND operation is used to perform the calculation • Subnetting • Manipulation of the subnet mask to get more network numbers CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  22. CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

  23. Subnet Mask • Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask: • 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. • 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. • 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. • 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation.

  24. Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0

  25. IPv4 versus IPv6 • IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed. • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. • IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv4

  26. IPv4 versus IPv6 • IP version 4 (IPv4) • The version of IP currently installed on most systems today • IP version 6 (IPv6) • Originally designed to address the final running down of IPv4 addresses • IPv6 can be subnetted CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

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