Poetry

1. Poetry

2. Poetry talks less and says more. Poetry: type of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery to appeal to the reader’s emotions and imagination. Speaker: voice of the poem Stanza:group of lines of verse, usually regular in pattern, forming a division of a poem or song

3. Diction: a writer’s choice of words • Denotation ~ literal meaning of a word, as listed in a dictionary • Connotation ~ suggested meaning of a word ~ the meanings and feelings that have become associated with a word

4. Imagery • Language that relates to the senses • Sight imagery: Red flows of clouds across the horizon • Sound imagery: Wind whistling thinly through the crack • Taste imagery: Rich chocolate slowly melted on his tongue. • Smell imagery: The scent of freshly brewed coffee tickled my nose awake. • Touch imagery: Jill’s forehead slammed against the steering wheel as her head snapped forward.

5. Imagery Poem • Following the prompts, write an eight line poem. Select words with strong connotations. • Begin each line with a capital letter • Lines should be words and phrases; not sentences • The title will be added when you have completed the eight lines.

6. Imagery Poem • Features of a disgusting animal without naming the animal • How you feel when you become very angry and lose your temper • Disgusting color: its name and why you hate it • The smell of garbage burning • The sights and smells after a horrible flood • Features of the type of music you dislike • Taste and texture of repulsive food • Scenes from a riot

7. Meaning • Literal meaning – the meaning that is directly stated • Figurative meaning – the deeper, symbolic meaning which must be interpreted from a literary work

8. Figurative Language (Figures of Speech) • Describes one thing in terms of another • Four types • Symbol: an object that stands for itself and represents another object • Personification: giving that which is not human, human qualities • Simile: a comparison of unlike things using words such as like or as • Metaphor: a direct comparison of unlike things

9. Symbol and Personification Symbol ~ an object that stands for itself and represents another object Example Miles to go before I sleep And miles to go before I sleep. Personification~ giving that which is not human, human qualities Examples • The wind sang her mournful song • Great waves looked over others • Daffodils nodded their yellow heads

10. Simile and Metaphor • Simile ~ a comparison using words such as like, than, or as Examples • I feel like a limp dishrag. • The baby was like an octopus, grabbing everything in sight. • Metaphor ~ a direct comparison Examples • I am a limp dishrag. • Those girls are two peas in a pod.

11. Implied Metaphor • describes the things being compared instead of naming them • The reader must figure out the comparison. • O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won. ~ Walt Whitman

12. Extended Metaphor • a comparison that continues throughout an entire work Fireworks You hate me and I hate you, And we are so polite, we two! But whenever I see you, I burst apart And scatter the sky with my blazing heart. It spits and sparkles in stars and balls, Buds into roses – and flares and falls. Scarlet buttons, and pale green disks, Silver spirals and asterisks, Shoot and tremble in a mist Peppered with mauve and amethyst. ~ Amy Lowell

13. Sound Devices • Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds in words that are close together If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? The long light shakes across the lakes. • Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together And a quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over And so all the night-tide,Ilie down by the side, Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride.

14. Sound Devices • Onomatopoeia: use of a word whose sound imitates or suggests its meaning Drum on your drums, batter on your banjoes Sob on the long cool winding saxophones.

15. Rhyme • Repetition of accented vowel sounds and all sounds following them in words that are close together • Heart / Part / start • Plaster / faster • Know / though / snow

16. Types of rhyme • Exact rhyme: sounds ending words are identical • power / sour June / moon • Approximate rhyme: sounds ending words are nearly the same • begin / him blade / blood Also known as slant, half, or imperfect rhymes

17. Types of Rhyme • End Rhyme: occurs at the ends of lines Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. • Internal Rhyme: occurs within a line The splendor falls from castle walls • Couplet: a pair of successive rhyming lines So call the field to rest, and let’s away To part the glories of this happy day.

18. Rhyme Scheme • Pattern of rhymed lines • Indicate by giving each new end rhyme a new letter of the alphabet • Skip a space for stanza breaks

19. Rhyme Scheme Once by the Pacific Robert Frost The shattered water made a misty din. Great waves looked over others coming in, And thought of doing something to the shore That water never did to land before. The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. You could not tell, and yet it looked as if The shore was lucky in being backed by cliff, The cliff in being backed by continent; It looked as if a night of dark intent Was coming, and not only a night, an age. Someone had better be prepared for rage. There would be more than ocean-water broken Before God’s last Put out the Light was spoken.

20. Rhyme Scheme Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. Langston Hughes

21. Meter • Rhythm: beat; arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables • Meter: Pattern of rhythm • iamb: unstressed / stressed syllables • penta: five times • Iambic Pentameter: five iambs in one line • Blank Verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter

22. Blank Verse When I see birches bend to left and right Across the line of straighter darker trees, I like to think some boy’s been swinging them. from “Birches” by Robert Frost It must be by his death; and for my part, I know no personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general. He would be crowned. from The Tragedy of Julius Caesar

23. Free Verse • No fixed line length, stanza form, rhyme scheme or meter The Red Wheelbarrow so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. William Carlos Williams

24. Types of Poetry • Narrative Poetry • Dramatic Poetry • Lyric Poetry

25. Narrative Poetry • tells a story • Epic: long poem with heroes and a stately, dignified language • The IliadThe OdysseyBeowulf • Ballad: shorter narrative poem originally meant to be sung • Folk / Popular Ballad: passed down orally through generations tragic mood, sensational plots • Literary Ballad: composed by a known poet more elaborate in language and form

26. Dramatic Poetry • Presents a play • One or more characters speak • Setting • Dramatic situation • Emotional conflict • Vigorous speech • Natural language rhythms The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Evangeline

27. Lyric Poetry • expresses emotions or thoughts of the speaker • usually brief • from Greek “lyrikos” meaning a poem sung to the music of a lyre Typical Themes personal thoughts emotions: grief to joy beauty of nature reminiscence of past Elegy: poem mourning someone who has died Sonnets: 14 line poems with a set rhyme scheme

28. Italian Sonnet Octave = eight lines • two rhymes arranged as abbaabba • Presents a situation or a problem. Sestet = six lines • two or three rhymes arranged as cdcdcd or cdecde • Presents an outcome or solution.

29. Composed upon Westminister Bridge Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty; This city now doth, like a garment, wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theaters, and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky; All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill; Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still! ~ William Wordsworth

30. English (Shakesperean) Sonnet Three Quatrains = four lines each • rhymes arranged as abab cdcd efef • These often express related ideas or examples. Couplet = two lines • rhyme of gg • The couplet sums the poet’s conclusion or message.

31. That Time of Year That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang. In me thou see’st the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest, In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong. To love that well which thou must leave ere long. William Shakespeare

32. Various Terms • Allusion:a reference to a past writing or event from history • Refrain: a repeated line of word in a poem • Poetic License: freedom to break conventional rules in order to use language playfully and creatively