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Body and behavior

Body and behavior. Chapter 6. Standards. Standard II: Biopsychological Biological basis of behavior IIA-1.1 Structure and function on neuron IIA- 2.1 Organization of the nervous system . The nervous System. Controls your movement, emotions, thinking, and behavior (almost all you do)

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Body and behavior

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  1. Body and behavior Chapter 6

  2. Standards • Standard II: Biopsychological • Biological basis of behavior • IIA-1.1 Structure and function on neuron • IIA- 2.1 Organization of the nervous system

  3. The nervous System • Controls your movement, emotions, thinking, and behavior (almost all you do) • Never at rest • Divided into 2 parts: • Central Nervous System (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – nerves branching beyond the spinal cord

  4. Nervous System • All parts are protected: • Brain – skull and layers of sheathing (coating) • Spinal cord – the vertebrae • Peripheral – layers of sheathing - nerves about as thick as a pencil • Extremities – nerves get smaller and smaller

  5. Neurons • Strips of long cells that carry messages to and from the brain • Carry messages by chemical-electrical signals • Neuron can “fire” over and over again • Messages are sent from neuron to neuron • Body contains millions

  6. Parts of a neuron • 4 Basic Parts: • Dendrites • The cell body (contains the nucleus) • An axon • Axon terminals

  7. Dendrites • Short, thin fibers that protrude from the cell body • Receive impulses (messages) from other neurons and sends them to the cell body

  8. Axon • Single extension • Carries impulses from cell body to the axon terminals • Usually short, but can be several feet long • Myelin sheath (white fatty substance) insulates and protects the axon; can speed the transmition

  9. Axon Terminal • Branch out at the end of the axon • Release neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites of the next neuron • Positioned opposite of the dendrite of another neuron

  10. Synapse & Neurotransmitters • Synapse – space between the neurons; transmits messages to the next neuron • Neurotransmitters – chemicals released by neurons - locks or excites receptors Ex:endorphin – inhibits pain norepinephrine – involved with memory and learning

  11. Afferent, Efferent, and Interneurons • Afferent neuron (sensory neurons) – relay messages from the sense organs (eyes, nose, skin) to the brain • Efferent neuron (motor neurons) – send signals from the brain to the glands and muscles • Interneurons – processes signals only to other neurons

  12. Voluntary vs involuntary activites • Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – the part of peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary activities (skeletal muscles) • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities • Ex: heartbeat, breathing, digestion, etc.

  13. The brain • Composed of 3 parts: • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain

  14. Hindbrain • Rear base of the skull; controls basic processes of life • Includes: • Cerebellum (behind spinal cord) – controls posture, balance and voluntary movements • Medulla – controls heart rate, breathing, and reflexes • Pons – bridge between spinal cord and brain and produces chemicals needed for sleep

  15. Midbrain • Small, above the pons • Integrates sensory information and sends it upwards • Medulla and pons extends upward into the midbrain • Reticular Activating System (RAS)- spans across medulla, pons, and midbrain - Alerts brain of incoming signals and involved in sleep/wake cycle

  16. Forebrain • Brains central core • Includes: • Thalamus – integrates sensory information • Hypothalamus – controls hunger, thirst, and changes in temperature

  17. Cerebral Cortex & Cerebrum • Cortex - Outer layer of forebrain • Cerebrum – inner layer • Higher thinking processes • Gives you ability to learn and store complex and abstract information • Site of conscious thinking processes

  18. Limbic System • Core of forebrain • Regulates our emotions and motivations • Includes: Hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala • Amygdala - controls violent emotions such as rage and fear • Hippocampus: - formation of memories

  19. Lobes of the Brain • Cerebrum – 2 hemispheres • Connected by: Corpus callosum • Each hemisphere has deep grooves = regions or lobes • Occipital lobe – vision • Parietal lobe – body sensations • Temporal lobe – hearing, memory, emotion, speaking • Frontal lobe – organization, planning, creative thinking

  20. Hemispheres (Left & Right) • Corpus callosum – carries messages back and forth between the 2 hemispheres • Right: Controls left side of body - Nonverbal, spatial, and holistic • Left: Controls right side of body - Verbal, Mathematical, Analytic

  21. Corpus Callosum • Can be severed = Split-Brain Operation • Now have “2” brains; operate independently, no communication between the two sides

  22. How Psychologists Study the Brain • Record electrical activity in brain – EEG • - wires and electrodes attached to a machine • Stimulation – “make” neurons fire on certain parts of brain and record; determine function • Lesions – cutting or destroying part of brain to see if animal behaves differently • Accidents – learn from brain trauma and tragedies

  23. Images • CT scans – pinpoint injuries and deterioration • PET scans – capture picture of brain as different parts are being used • MRI – able to see/study activity and structures - combines benefits of CT and PET scans

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