Human Health

1. Human Health By: Makayle Hill, Rachel Cable, Jonathan Gibbs, Stephanie Colman, Dana Gonzalez, Jensyn Turner, Samantha Eborn, Ren Wilson, Nani Tonga, Mike Myers, Daisha Vaca and Brandon Wall

2. How Hurricanes Affect Human health One of the most popular hurricanes is Hurricane Katrina. This hurricane caused a lot of flooding in New Orleans. All the water from the flooding caused outbreaks of west nile, mold and endotoxin levels rising. Another concern was people getting sick from contaminated food and water. The hospitals were out destroyed so no one could get treated immediately.

3. How To Mitigate Human Health When Impacted by a Hurricane There is no way to stop hurricanes but you can stop the illness that comes after the hurricane. Make preparations to minimize injuries People need to evacuate the area that’s going to be hit by a hurricane. Make you have a water purifier Don’t play in the water because it can be contaminated Have a 72 hour kit and in that make sure to have rain ponchos, antibacterial medications, food and a lot of water. You can prevent flooding by having sandbags, etc. Control moisture, so try to stay as dry as you can

4. Climate Change and its Effects on Agriculture Continued changes in the climate will have a detrimental effect on agriculture and livestock. As temperatures increase, crop production areas may shift. Some areas may suddenly get more rain, causing flooding and mold to grow, while other areas will experience serious drought creating unsuitable soil for crops. Livestock will also be affected. Due to heat stress, their production, performance, and fertility may decrease dramatically. There will be a limit on how much milk, meat, and eggs are produced. Climate change will also increase more insects and the spread of disease due to warmer and more humid weather conditions.

5. Climate Change and its Effects on Agriculture Due to the warm and moist climate, insects and disease will increase and spread. Most diseases spread through insects; however, mold that grows on crops, such as Grey Mould, (which grows in wet or humid conditions) as well as other pathogens will spread diseases too. Humans will be affected and crops will become inedible while many will be left without food. Hurricanes may also catalyze the spread of diseases and infection. The strong winds cause mold and other contaminates that are on the ground to become airborne, which humans and livestock then breathe in. Increase in temperature due to climate change will affect agriculture dramatically by decreasing production in livestock as well as spreading disease through crops.

6. Types of plant disease caused by climate change • Grey Mould Disease: Grey Mould disease is caused by warmer, moist climates that cause the roots of crops and plants to rot and develop a fuzzy grey mold. (makes it inedible) • EID: Emerging infectious disease in plants, can cause crop failure

7. Plant Disease cont. • Grey Mould Disease: This disease is also known as Botrytis, it is a fungal infection on plants that spreads using spores carried by wind or water. This Disease is really bad to have on your plants because it can affect entire crops. The fungus spores can live on plant seeds while dormant for the plant’s entire life spreading to other plants in the process. This fungus starts out as a small white lump on the plant either in the roots or elsewhere and then starts becoming a fuzzy grey which then releases spores that affect the other plants.

8. Plant Disease Cont. • EID: Emerging Infectious Diseases. These are diseases that are coming forth in people and in agriculture. It includes all plant diseases. This is a disease that is caused by pathogens. These affect us as people through crop failure, which affects our livestock and some of our food sources as well as our economy. One well known disease is the potato blight which kills potato crops. There is also Karnal Bunt which is a fungal disease which kills off wheat, rye and other similar plant crops in that family. Which leaves lots of people without food.

9. How to Mitigate Effects From Plant Diseases To prevent the spread of these plant diseases, any infected plant must be removed and any equipment used to remove them must be disinfected. Watering crops early in the morning allows plants to dry throughout the day and reduces the likelihood of fungal diseases to grow on the crops. Due to loss of crops, Infectious plant diseases can cause widespread famine. Food Storage can help to prevent this. A lack of standardization of testing has made it difficult to prevent the spreading of these diseases.

10. How will mosquitos migrate and become a bigger problem because of climate change? The onset of human-induced global warming is likely to increase Infection rates of diseases like malaria, dengue fever and West Nile virus are likely to rise as a warming climate creates more mosquito-friendly habitats The direct effects of temperature increase are an increase in immature mosquito development, virus development and mosquito biting rates, which increase contact rates (biting) with humans The virus behind dengue fever thrives in tropical and subtropical environments. The increased warming predicted for the southern U.S. along with increased flooding means dengue fever will no doubt be spreading north on the backs of mosquitoes into U.S. states that never thought they would have to deal with such exotic outbreaks. Climate Change is increasing mosquito habitat range which affects Human Health directly.

11. Mosquitos Cont. Every year, mosquito-borne diseases affect nearly 700 million people worldwide, killing more than a million. We don’t normally have to worry about this but due to climate change and the bigger breeding ground it will create it is something that could start affecting us if we don’t start to make a change. Much of the northeastern US is projected to get warmer and much wetter over the coming century, this will directly impact mosquito populations by creating more habitat. Asian tiger mosquitos are predicted to dramatically increase their range in the decades to come. “Nearly 60 million people live in the Northeastern US, an area already under public health pressure from tick-borne diseases. More than half of this population will soon have Asian tiger mosquitoes thrown into the mix.” Extreme or shifting weather patterns helped create more habitat that's inviting to the mosquitoes that can carry those illnesses—and experts say that outbreaks are bound to become more common as the effects of climate change become more prevalent “A longer warm-weather season and changing rainfall patterns are allowing the insects that can transmit disease to humans to thrive for longer periods each year—and to simultaneously move into broader areas,” explains Kim Knowlton, senior scientist and deputy director of NRDC's Science Center.

12. What mosquito migration may look like in years to come.

13. How do we stop mosquitoes? Kill them before they become a problem. Certain mosquitoes carry certain diseases. Target those mosquitoes.

14. Aedes aegypti - Yellow Fever Mosquito The main carrier of the Zika virus,and yellow fever. Males do not bite The white lines on the legs are how it is easily identified

15. Oxitec Oxitec’s plan is to inject mosquito eggs with DNA that contains lethal genes, then release the genetically modified males from that batch of eggs so they can mate with wild females. (Males don’t bite; so releasing only males is a way to make sure the release of these insects doesn’t contribute to the spread of disease.) (Lafrance 2016) How practical is this plan? In brazil, the cities of Itaberaba and Mandacaru in Juazeiro, and in Jacobina were tested. The population was reduced by 90%.

16. WHY ARE WE NOT FUNDING THIS? People don’t understand. Past attempts to control populations have ended badly. People are scared of a jurassic park experience. This has been approved by the CDC but rejected by communities like Monroe County, Florida

17. How to mitigate negative effects due to displacement The majority of displacement events due to climate change are predictable, and measures for handling the ones that are not, can still be mitigated with proper preparation. In order to mitigate as much damage as possible it’s important to study and predict future disasters Studies can determine: • What may cause displacement • Drought, famine, rising sea level • What will be needed • Vaccines, camps, resources • How many will need it • Displacement has hit a high in the past decade

18. Displacement cont. Refugee camps need to be better organized and prepared. • Sanitized and clean • Prepared for the rise of immigrants with proper resources • Foodborne and waterborne diseases • Cholera, Jaundice, Hepatitis E, Malaria, Vaccinations • Risk of serious disease • Protection • Risk of spreading disease

19. How Climate Changes Affects Heat Waves? A heat wave is generally defined as several days to weeks of abnormally hot temperature. Extreme heat events are responsible for more deaths annually than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined. Caused by climate change, the more it is changing the hotter it is getting for longer periods of time. Heat waves are happening more frequently. Global warming boosts up the temperature and duration of heat waves. Heat Waves are making summers longer and ending winter earlier- a factor that has increase the amount of wildfires and droughts. https://www.climatecommunication.org/new/features/heat-waves-and-climate-change/heat-waves-the-details/

20. How do heat waves affect human health? The systems in the human body that enable it to adapt to heat become overwhelmed. When a person is exposed to heat for a very long time, the first thing that shuts down is the ability to sweat. We know that when we sweat it is dried by the air there, and is a cooling effect on the body. Once a person stops sweating, in very short order a person can move from heat exhaustion to heat stroke. Heatwaves can also cause: -Heatstrokes -circulatory collapse -Hyperthermia

21. How to reduce Heat Waves • Heat wave mitigation is the responsibility of both local government and individuals. The goal of mitigation is “risk likelihood reduction, risk consequences reduction, risk avoidance, risk acceptance, and risk transfer, sharing, or spreading” (Coppola, 2011) • Using green roofs, improved building materials, and shaded building construction to reduce the urban heat island effect. • Use Alternative Energy- Climate change is occurring as a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves could be a result of climate change. Using a number of renewable energy sources can improve health by reducing air pollution as well as addressing climate change

22. How To Mitigate Human Health When Impacted By Heat Waves Since the Earth is heating up here are some ways that we can prepare for heat waves so that we are not affected by it: • Drink Water- Even if you are not thirsty, drink water. Always have drinking water with you. • Never leave kids, adults, or kids in hot cars. (the temperature can double within minutes) • Keep cool- seek out air-conditioned buildings, draw your blinds, take cool showers, and dress in light and loose clothing. • Plan ahead- schedule activities in the coolest part of the day and avoid exercise in the heat. If you do go out, wear a hat and sunscreen. Take water! • Stay informed- check local news for extreme heat and safety tips.

23. How Air Quality has affected Human Health 3 ways changes in climate has affected air quality: Aeroallergens, Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution. Outdoor Pollution comes from the ground level ozone and particle contamination . This type of pollution has created multiple hospital visits for respiratory issues and premature deaths. Aeroallergens are produced from plants that are growing from an increase in Carbon Dioxide The increase in pollen has caused numerous allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Finally Indoor Pollution, which is caused from the outdoor changes in climate. This creates mold and other bacteria inside homes which causes sickness.

24. How to Mitigate Air Quality • According to Patrick L. Kinney these are some of the ways we can mitigate our air quality. • To reduce future air quality impacts of climate-related trends, more aggressive emissions controls, both in the U.S. and elsewhere, will be needed to make progress toward reducing ozone concentrations below health-based standards. • Electric and fuel vehicles could help benefit us in the longer run • Air conditioning is an adaptive response to ozone-reducing indoor exposures compared to those outdoors. • In case of aeroallergens, ensuring complete access to available medications will be important as will stronger education programs directed at allergen avoidance. • Air conditioning is an adaptive response to ozone. • In case of wildfires, maintenance and enhancement of existing surveillance and early response programs will be critical to mitigate the impacts of potentially increased risks caused by climate change.

25. Climate Change in the Future Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year. Cause of death can result from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea, and heat stress. Natural disasters will continue to increase. The number of reported weather-related natural disasters has more than tripled since the 1960s. Every year, these disasters result in over 60,000 deaths, mainly in developing countries. High temperatures will continue to raise the levels of ozone and other pollutants in the air that exacerbate cardiovascular and respiratory disease.

26. Climate Change in the Future High temperature and precipitation are likely to decrease the production of staple foods in many of the poorest regions causing malnutrition and undernutrition, which currently causes 3.1 million deaths per year and will continue to rise with climate change. Malaria is strongly influenced by climate. Climatic conditions also strongly affect water-borne diseases and diseases transmitted through insects, snails or other cold blooded animals.

27. Climate Change in the Future Although global warming may bring some localized benefits, such as fewer winter deaths in temperate climates and increased food production in certain areas, the overall health effects of a changing climate are likely to be overwhelmingly negative. Climate change affects social and environmental determinants of health such as clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.

28. Sources Air Quality Impacts: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/air-quality-impacts http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(08)00690-9/fulltext

29. Sources Heat Waves • https://www.iclr.org/images/April_2013_muni_world_Sandink.pdf • Coppola, D. (2011). Chapter 4. In Introduction to International Disaster Management (2nd ed., pp. 209-250). Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann. • https://www.c2es.org/content/heat-waves-and-climate-change/

30. Sources Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/effects_2012/effects_agriculture.htm Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change http://agadapt.ucdavis.edu/pestsdiseases/ Climate Change and Health http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/

31. Sources Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health http://www.isse.ucar.edu/climatehealth/doc/Publications.Pg/Pubs.Patz.Impacts.reg.clim.chge.pdf https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/hurricane_Katrina.html https://www.epa.gov/natural-disasters/hurricanes Bosello, Francesco and Zhang, Jian, Assessing Climate Change Impacts: Agriculture (July 1, 2005). FEEM Working Paper No. 94.05; CMCC Research Paper No. 2. Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=771245 orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.771245

32. Sources Displacement mitigation McMichael, C. (2015). Climate change-related migration and infectious disease. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720222/ V. (2012, September 25). Refugee Camps as a Breeding Ground for Disease. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/refugee-camps-are-a-breeding-ground-for-disease/1514910.html Deese, B., & Klain, R. A. (2017, May 30). Opinion | Another deadly consequence of climate change: The spread of dangerous diseases. Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/another-deadly-consequence-of-climate-change-the-spread-of-dangerous-diseases/2017/05/30/fd3b8504-34b1-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html?utm_term=.28f2df978158 “Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7720. https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720.” doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f. “Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices.” 2012, doi:10.17226/14673.