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Philosophers of the Enlightenment

EOC REVIEW. Philosophers of the Enlightenment. Philosophers of the Enlightenment. St. Thomas Aquinas. 1200’s -Thomas Aquinas wrote about “ natural law ” – the belief that we can reason and evaluate whether a law is just or unjust .

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Philosophers of the Enlightenment

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  1. EOC REVIEW Philosophers of the Enlightenment Philosophers of the Enlightenment

  2. St. Thomas Aquinas • 1200’s -Thomas Aquinas wrote about “natural law” – the belief that we can reason and evaluate whether a law is just or unjust. • Aquinas argued that a ruler’s power came from God, but he felt his power came from God through the people.

  3. John Calvin John Calvin • During the Reformationin the 1530’s, Calvin started Calvinism and the doctrine of predestination. • He is also credited with the idea that led to the separation of church and state. • He believed there should be 2governments – church and a state or civil government. John Calvin above.

  4. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes • Political philosopher who started the idea of a social contract. In 1651, he wrote Leviathan. • We are in a constant state of war. • Out of fear, people form a social contract.

  5. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes • Hobbes proposed that a strong, centralauthority would protect people against wars and a state of nature. • People want someone who can guarantee their safety. • Hobbes favored a monarch, or a “mortal god.” King Louis XIV to the left.

  6. John Locke John Locke • Belief in natural rights: life, liberty, and property. • Purpose of the government is to protect the rights of the people. John Locke

  7. Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau • Philosopher who championed humanfreedom. • Key ideas: • All men are equal, and the majority rules. Rousseau, above.

  8. Baron de Montesquieu Baron de Montesquieu • Key Idea: • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances. Montesquieu, above

  9. SirWilliamBlackstone • In 1766, Blackstone wrote “Commentaries on the Laws of England.” • His works influenced English and AmericanCommonLaw. Sir William Blackstone

  10. Blackstone and Common Law • CommonLaw – Case law or legalprecedent. • Laws are developed by judges through decisions they made in court cases. • A legalsystem that gives weight to precedence, binding future cases to the same decisions.

  11. Thomas Jefferson • 1776 - American FoundingFather, ThomasJefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. • Jefferson was strongly influenced by philosophers and scientists of this era such as John Locke, Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton.

  12. Thomas Jefferson • July 4, 1776, - the Declaration of Independence listed grievances against the king, and the belief that colonists had the right to part and start their own government since the king did not protect their natural rights.

  13. Voltaire Voltaire • Philosopher who advocated the following: • Religiousfreedom • Free speech • Tolerance and reason.

  14. Adam Smith Adam Smith • Founder of economics, capitalism and free trade. • Proposed laissezfaire – non-intervention of government in the affairs of businesses. • The U.S. adopted his ideas about economics.

  15. Karl Marx Karl Marx • Wrote the Communist Manifesto • Believed means of production – all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, would be owned by the workers.

  16. Karl Marx Karl Marx • Believed in a classless society. • Struggle between the haves and the have nots. • The rich are exploiting or taking advantage of the poor. Karl Marx and the family of Frederick Engels.

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