Human Development Index (HDI) and Middle Stone Age to Bantu Migration

2. High income = blue middle-high = green • Middle-low = purple low = red

3. The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. It is claimed as a standard means of measuring human development — a concept that, according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), refers to the process of widening the options of persons, giving them greater opportunities for education, health care, income, employment, etc. The basic use of HDI is to rank countries by level of "human development", which usually also implies to determine whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country.

4. Green = high (.75-.95 and over) • Orange-yellow = middle (.50 - .749) • Red = low (.35 and below - .499)

11. 06/12/03 Herto, Ethiopia (160k) (transitional to modern H. sapiens) Middle Stone Age: 250-125 k

12. Cranial Features of Anatomically Modern Humans Cranial capacity: 1350 cc Vertical frontal bone (forehead) High, parallel walled cranial vault Rounded occipital region (lacking occipital torus) Non-continuous brow ridge Flat, non-projecting face chin

13. Post-100,000 Behavior(H. sapiens) Increased diversity and standardization More rapid change in artifacts Organic material culture Jewelry and carvings Figurative and non-figurative art Clear organization of space (dwellings and elaborate hearths) Long-distance transport of lithic raw materials Broad-spectrum economies Storage Large mammal hunting Occupation of more difficult environments Growth in population density

14. Some aspects of advanced technology, such as worked blades, typically associated with Late Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia) are present in Middle Stone Age in Africa. Klasies River Mouth (KRM), Border Cave, Howieson’s Poort

15. Middle Stone Age, Southern Africa(Anatomically modern H. sapiens) Blombos Howieson’s Poort Border cave Klasies River Mouth

16. Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75k Shell ornaments Incised ocher, bone tools, stone projectile points

17. MSA: Bone technology Bone points from MSA deposits at Blombos Cave (a), Peers Cave (b), Sibudu Cave (c) and Klasies River (d); Later Stone Age layers at Rose Cottage Cave (e) and Jubilee Shelter (f), and an Iron Age occupation at Mapungubwe (g) MSA LSA Iron Age Katanda, Democratic Republic of Congo (110-80 k)

18. Arrow points, 20th century Broad spectrum diet, including terrestrial and marine mammals, fish, shell-fish, and reptiles Clear evidence of hearths Blade technology and projectile points Art and ritual objects

21. Eastern SaharaNabta Playa, Egyptca. 8000 B.P.Plant Domestication?

22. ca. 8000 B.P.Saharan Pastoral Neolithic:(cattle, goats, sheep)

23. After ca. 3000 BC Spread of Pastoral Neolithic & Farming (?) into Sahel/E Africa (Following Tsetse Fly-free regions)

24. Modern Distribution of Tsetse Fly WET DRY

25. African Plant Domesticates Biogeographic Distributionof wild ancestors of Domesticated African Plants suggests one broad region encompassing 3 DomesticComplexes savanna Forest margin Ethiopian Savanna complex: sorghum, African rice, peanuts, millets, watermelon Forest margin complex: millets, beans, robusta coffee, oil palm, yams Ethiopian complex: millet, tef, noog, arabica coffee, enset, chat

26. Root Crop Agriculture (yams) and Arboriculture (oil palm) in Tropical Forest and Woodland Areas of Western, Central, and Southern Africa (how old?, likely 2,000 to 1,000 BC or earlier) Continuation of Hunting and Gathering in some areas until historic times (trade and colonialism)

27. Oil palm Yam “barn” in Nigeria forest region

28. Abelam (Sepik River, New Guinea, decorated yams)

34. The Bantu, a large group of related peoples, originated in area of Cameroon and Nigeria and spread throughout central and southern Africa. Bantu peoples make up about a third of Africa's population. Bantu is the name of the language family spoken by these peoples. Over time, the Bantu-speaking peoples diversified and developed unique variations on the proto-culture of bantu peoples. • proto-Bantu, about 4000 -3000 B.C. , had developed a culture based on the farming of root crops, hunting-foraging, and fishing on the West African coast. Social organization of the early Bantu: based on a system of cooperation between villages. Every village consisted of several "Houses," and each House formed working relationships with Houses from other villages. This strong but flexible social network helped the Bantu migrate across the continent. • Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest that the Bantu migration began sometime after 3000 B.C. One group of Bantu moved southward, reaching southern Cameroon ca. 1500 B.C. Within a thousand years the migrants also settled the coast of Congo and the Congo Basin in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo Kinhasa). These West Bantu people developed new skills such as ironworking. • Over 700 members of the Bantu family; initial diversity; regionalism and diversification; culture contact; changing human-environmental relations

35. Modern Bantu pottery Chifumbaze ceramic complex of central and southern Africa (e.g., Urewe, Kwale, Matola wares); Spread by iron working farmers Pottery and iron artifacts used to track Bantu dispersals

36. Ancestral Bantu Society • 4,000 to 3,000 years before present (BP) • Economics: Food production, accompanied by diverse hunted, fished, and foraged foods, but the livestock complex of Saharan Africa did not do well in tropical forested areas • Technology: Ceramics, iron (later), settled plaza villages, in addition to food production technology • Settlement: settled plaza villages composed of “Houses” (kingroups based on lineal descent), and organized into districts of related houses • Social political organization: hierarchical (conical clan), status rivalry, chiefship, matrilineal descent groups, initiation and elite life crisis rites, in-law avoidance

37. matrilineal patrilineal cognatic

38. The (Ramage or) Conical Clan • Internally ranked, or hierarchical, social organization • Tendency to “ramify,” that is subordinate lineages split off main group to found new communities • Over time this process results in long-distance migrations

39. Village basic unit of settlement • Rectangular houses along a street or plaza, which was a place of authority, with “men’s clubhouse(s)” located on it • Village was an aggregate of houses, but frequently disassociated, with more enduring features of social organization being the house and district • Initiation (circumcision rituals) and (sometimes) formal age grades, and (importantly) social hierarchy at house (founder’s ideology) and district levels • The district or “maximal lineage were often reduced to few or even one village by the 20th century and often (an alliance of houses)

40. 2 1 3

41. Western Africa • Big-man or great-man  chief (nkáni) • Ca. 3000 BP • Ultimately larger kingdoms or principalities emerged, AD 1000 onward • Three main kingdoms: kongo, loango, tio, after AD 1200 to contact • The level of political stratification depends on number of “courts” in polity

45. 2 1 3

46. Interlacustrine Bantu • Soon after the West Bantu migration, a second Bantu migration to the east began, arriving ca. 3000 BP. the “Great Lakes” area in what is now Uganda. Known as “Interlacustrine Bantu,” these peoples learned new farming methods from neighbors in eastern Africa, notably raising livestock—particularly cattle—and practiced agriculture, growing cereal crops such as sorghum. Between about 2500 BP (500 BC) and 1000 BP (AD 1000), the Bantu language spread throughout the Great Lakes region. Also development of plantain farming created base for cultural development and population/economic growth, providing a reliable year-round supply of food, enabling villages to grow in size/complexity, in scrub forest, grasslands and open woodlands • Cattle was a source of moveable wealth, like metal tools in Western Africa, and important for brideswealth among influential families. People who owned cattle gained political power by loaning the cattle to neighbors, who were obligated to provide support and assistance to the lender in return. In this way, loaning cattle forged new political relationships and incorporated outsiders in existing political and social groups. • Between AD 1000 and 1500 (500 BP) the new forms of economic, political, religious, and social life that arose under Bantu influence transformed Africa's Great Lakes region. six independent kingdoms, called Buyunga, Muhambwe, Heru, Luguru (Kunkanda), Bushingo, and Bujiji (Nkalinzi).

49. The Lozi people of western Zambia have been marking Kuomboka, an annual traditional ceremony in honour of their king or Litunga. The Lozi kingdom - known as Barotseland – was a protectorate under British colonial rule and became part of Zambia at the country's independence in 1964

50. Southern Interior and Coastal Bantu • Interlacustrine Bantu spread east fairly rapidly ca. 2200 BP (200 BC) or later south into what is now Kenya and Tanzania and south into Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, and parts of South Africa. • Archaeological evidence of Bantu cultures in eastern and southern Africa dates widespread Bantu presence by 1800-1600 BP (AD 200-400). By this time, cattle were so important in southern Bantu society that villages were erected around a central pen. • In Kenya the first towns built by the Swahili appeared around 1250 BP (AD 750), which came to dominate eastern coastal areas. Around the same time, systems of farming and herding developed in interior areas, which prompted the development of large settlements with fortified central areas and eventually powerful chiefdoms and kingdoms by AD 1500. • By A.D. 1000, settlements along the Limpopo River had developed into a town called Mapungabwe—the capital of a Bantu kingdom that controlled much of the surrounding territory. It was replaced around AD 1250 by the kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. This powerful empire flourished for almost 200 years by supplying gold and ivory to Swahili traders from the North. Bantu civilizations continued to dominate south and east Africa politically until European colonial governments displaced them in the 1800s.