Welcome to Biology

1. Welcome to Biology Students pick up the following items: • Daily Assignment • ISN • Glue • Color pencils

2. Warm Up: Glue the following pg’s in ISN ( 5 dot rule) • On page 14 • On page 15

3. 1. The breakdown of biomolecules by the addition of water is _____________?2. The formation of biomolecules by removing water is ____________?

4. Levels of Organization of Life (Element) Atom  Molecule  Biomolecule  Cell  Tissue Organ  Organ System  Organism Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere

5. BIOMOLECULES There are four major groups of biomolecules; • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

6. Carbohydrate Examples Saccharide – Carbohydrate 1:2:1 Ratio Monosaccharide Mono – One Dissacharide Di – Two Polysaccharide Poly – Many

7. Carbohydrates • Function: • Short term energy storage • Structural support for cell wall (cellulose) • Exoskeleton of insects • All organisms get their energy from carbohydrates when the carbon bonds are broken by hydrolysis. • Only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1) ratio • Ending ….. “ose” for carbohydrates

8. Carbohydrates • Glucose is one of the main energy sources for all living organisms. • 1:2:1 Ratio Simple Sugars Monosaccharide Fructose - is 173% sweet found in fruit. Can be changed into glucose for energy.

9. Carbohydrates Table sugar, 100% Sweet, Large quantities found in sugar cane and sugar beets. Broken down into glucose for energy. Sugars Disaccharide Sucrose Used in infant formula and making beer. Can be digested for energy. Maltose

10. Carbohydrates Composes exoskeleton of insects. Complex Sugars Polysaccharide Chitin Structural component of plants. Cannot be digested by animals for energy without the help of bacteria or protist. Cellulose Plant energy storage can be digested by animals. Starch

11. Even more complex polymers

12. Glycogen- Liver and muscles • After eating, the glucose from your food diffuses into your blood. • Excess glucose is then stored as glycogen in your liver. • As the sugar in your blood is used up your liver starts to release the glucose back into your blood.

13. Liver stores Glycogen

15. Lipids • What are they? • Organicmolecule group including fats and phospholipids, oils, hormones, and waxes. “Hydrophobic Molecules”= Water fearing

16. Hydrophilic vs HydrophobicMolecules • Hydro = water -Philic = loving • Hydrophilic means “water loving” • Hydro = water, Phobic = fearing • Hydrophobic = “water fearing”

17. Lipids • Structure: • Monomer: • Glycerol and fatty acid chain • Insoluble in water (won’t dissolve) “Hydrophobic” • Polymer: • Triglyceride • Testosterone

18. Lipids • Function: • Long term energy storage • Insulation • Part of cell membrane (phospholipids) • Hormones • Only contain high amounts of carbon, and hydrogen and very little oxygen. • Fats, waxes, oils, hormones

19. Lipid Example Phospholipid Phospho – Contains Phosophorus

20. Welcome to Biology Students please pick up the following: • ISN • The 2 note pages from the table • 3. Glue • Glue the “Bell Ringer” page on 16 & the “Structural Proteins” on 17 (5 dot rule!) • Updated Table of Contents

21. Bell Ringer Write the question and answers on the top of the note page (page 16). Carbohydrate Monomer: Main function of Carbs: Lipid Monomer: 2 functions of lipids:

22. Proteins “First Place”

23. What are proteins? • Proteins are huge, MACROMOLECULES made of small monomers. • Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. • Many proteins bonded together are called a polypeptide chain. (polymer) • Peptide means amino acid.

24. Proteins • Amino acids are small molecules by which through dehydration synthesisare bonded together to make GIANT polymers which are the proteins. • The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

25. Proteins • Structure: • Monomer (Subunits): • Amino acids • Examples: Lysine, Prolines, etc. • Polymer • Polypeptide chain • Amino acids connect using peptide bonds • Connected molecules are called polypeptides

26. Amino Acids • All amino acids have an amino side, a hydrogen and a carboxyl side (acid). What makes each amino acid different is the atoms that make up the R-group. • There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.

27. 20 Amino Acids

28. Structural Proteins • Structural proteins give structure and shape to organisms. • Keratin is a protein that helps give shape to hair, skin, nails and even scales! • Collagen is another protein important for hair, skin, and nails.

29. Proteins • Proteins have 4 level of organization. • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

30. Primary Structure • The primary structure of a protein is a sequence amino acids in the polypeptide chain. • The order in which the amino acids are arranged is determined directly from the DNA sequence.

31. Secondary Structure 2D • The secondary structure of a protein is created by the R groups making hydrogen bonds with each other. • The hydrogen bonds create helixes and pleated sheets in the polypeptide chain.

32. Tertiary Structure • Tertiary structure forms when the polypeptide chain has more bonds form between the amino acids. • The chain then begins to fold into itself creating a 3-D image. • Some proteins become like globs and therefore are called globular proteins. • Many proteins work at the tertiary structure level.

33. Tertiary Structure • Insulin is a protein which helps regulate blood sugar levels.

34. Quaternary Structure:2 tertiary proteins together • Some proteins are made of more than one polypeptide chains. • These proteins are in the quaternary level. • Hemoglobin is a protein made with four polypeptide chains. • Hemoglobin is a globular protein which carries oxygen in the blood • Globular proteins used in chemical reactions are called ENZYMES.

35. Welcome to Biology Students please pick up the following: • ISN • The 2 note pages from the table • 3. Glue • Glue the “Nucleic Acids” page on 18 all the way on the bottom. Leave room at the top for a Bell Ringer. • Glue “Comparing Biomolecule Chart” on 19 (Sideways) (5 dot rule!) • Update Table of Contents

36. Bell Ringer Write the question and answers on the top of the note page (page 18). Protein Monomer: ___________ Protein Bond: _______________

37. Enzymes (Special Protein)

38. Catalyst to Chemical Reaction • Enzymes are catalysts • This means enzymes are able to start a chemical reaction by reducing the energy that is needed. • Enzymes also speed up chemical reactions. • ZOOM ZOOM!

39. Enzymes • Enzymes are protein macromolecules. • Most enzymes are globular proteins. • Enzymes are directly responsible for every chemical reaction that takes place inside of an organism. • Enzymes usually are named after what they do and have an “–ase” ending.

40. Reusable • Enzymes do not break down after they are used once. • Enzymes can be reused for the same reaction hundreds of times!

41. Specificity of Enzymes (Induced Fit) • Enzymes are shaped in a way to only be able to affect one substrate. • A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme alters during a chemical reaction. • The active site is the place on the enzyme where the substrate binds. • “Lock and Key”

43. Factors that affect an enzyme • Sometimes enzymes become denatured when their environment changes. • Denaturing is when an enzyme loses its shape and falls apart or unfolds. The enzyme will no longer be able to function. • Enzymes can be denatured by: • pH • Temperature • Salinity • Concentration of water

44. Temperature • The optimal temperature for most enzymes in the human body to properly function is 98. • Sometimes the temperature gets too hot. • Enzymes in the brain are especially sensitive. If you run a temperature higher than 103 degrees you risk brain damage. • At high temperatures enzymes denature, losing their shape and ability to participate in vital life sustaining chemical reactions.

45. pH • The normal pH of your stomach is between 1.5 – 3.5. • Sometimes the pH in a human stomach gets too low, becoming too acidic. This can create ulcers and break down digestion enzymes causing stomach upset.

46. Why are enzymes important to the human body • Enzymes aid in digestion by breaking down food into molecules that cells can easily absorb and use.

47. Why are enzymes important to the human body • Enzymes aid our immune system by destroying infectious viruses and bacteria. • Once a white blood cell “eats” a bacteria or virus enzymes are used to digest the pathogens.

48. Nucleic Acids

49. Nucleic Acids • What are Nucleic Acids? • Group of organic molecules including DNA and RNA

50. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids are large macromolecules made up of monomers called nucleotides.