Saadia Mohammed Ali 1 1 Department of Biotechnology, Integral University, India

1. Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity & Phytochemical Investigation of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine Saadia Mohammed Ali1 1Department of Biotechnology, Integral University, India Jasmine Fatima2, Huma Mustafa3 2Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Lucknow, India 3Council of Science & Technology, Lucknow, India

2. Introduction • The use of herbs as an alternative and complementary to modern medicine is on the increase (Lucas, 2010). • There is evidence that Neanderthals living 60,000 years ago in present-day Iraq used plants such as hollyhock (Stockwell C., 1998).

3. Introduction • Herbal medicines provide primary healthcare for approximately 3.5 to 4 billion people worldwide. • And about 85% of traditional medicine involves the use of plant extracts, which may be called “modern herbal medicine”.

4. Antimicrobials & Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to kill microbes (literally ‘life’). Antimicrobials are used to kill or prevent further growth of microbe.

5. Antimicrobial Agents

6. Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobials • Substrate deprivation. • Membrane disruption. • Bind to adhesins and proteins. • Complex with or inter-calate into cell wall. • Inhibits and inactivates enzymes. • Forms metal ion complex. • Interaction with eukaryotic DNA.

7. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT • Ideal Qualities: • kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. • cause no damage to the host. • cause no allergic reaction to the host. • stable when stored in solid or liquid form. • remain in specific tissues in the body long enough to be effective. • kill the pathogens before they mutate and become resistant to it.

8. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

9. Causes of AMR

10. How antibiotic resistance spreads?

11. Free radicals • Any species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons. • Highly unstable & reactive. • Toxic – react with DNA & cell membrane.

12. Causes of free radical formation

13. Action of Antioxidants

14. Antioxidants Molecules capable of, in small concentrations protect, slow or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. (Halliwell, 1990).

15. Aim of Study • Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of Medicinal Plants. • Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants. • Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants .

16. Interest in plant originated drugs • No side effects and other problems. • Cost effective • Eco-friendly • Locally available • Products are biodegradable

17. Plants undertaken in the study Rosa indica Solanum nigrum Lallemantia royleana

18. Major classes of Phytochemicals

19. Schematic representation of targeted screening of plant extracts Plant Sample (Root, shoot, Leaves, fruits, seed etc) Extraction in aqueous /organic solvents Aqueous & Organic extracts Concentration of extracts in vacuo Antioxidant activity Anti-microbial Screening Active extracts Characterization and identification of active extracts Anti-Fungal screening TLC and MIC determination

20. Preliminary screening of different plant extracts against bacterial and fungal strains

21. Antimicrobial activity of Plant Extracts (EC= Eschericia coli, LA=Lactobacillus acidophillus, KP= Klebsiella pnuemoniae, PA=Psuedomonas aeroginosa, SA=Staphylococcus aureus, CA= Candida albicans) (LR= Lallemantia royaleana,RI= Rosa indica, SN= Solanum nigrum, AB= antibiotic disc)

22. Zone of Inhibition (mm) Antimicrobial activity of plants (EC= Eschericia coli, LA=Lactobacillus acidophillus, KP= Klebsiella pnuemoniae, PA=Psuedomonas aeroginosa, SA=Staphylococcus aureus, CA= Candida albicans) (LR= Lallemantia royaleana, RI= Rosa indica, SN= Solanum nigrum, AB= antibiotic disc)

23. Total Antioxidant Capacity of Lallemantia royaleana • The methanolic seed extracts and BHT exhibited 66.66 ± 2.309 and 77.12 ± 0.322 percent inhibition at the concentration of 1000 μg/ml respectively. • The IC50 value of L. royleana seeds extract and BHTwere found to be 187.46 ± 0.55 and 124.25 ± 3.04 μg/ml respectively.

24. Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rosa indica • The percentage inhibition values of R. indica petalsand BHT were 53.30 ± 0.929 and 77.12 ± 0.322 percent at the concentration of 1000 μg/ml respectively. • The IC50 value of R. indica and BHT were found to be 823.75 ± 3.06 and 124.25 ± 3.04 μg/ml respectively.

25. Total Antioxidant Capacity of Solanum nigrum • The percentage inhibition for the berries and BHT were found to be 48.51 ± 0.641 and 77.12 ± 0.322 percent at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml respectively.

26. Phytochemical Analysis of Plants (LR= Lallemantia royaleana, RI= Rosa indica, SN= Solanum nigrum, AB= antibiotic disc)

27. Total phenolics & tannins content of plant extracts

28. Conclusion Plant extracts possess antimicrobial activity which can be evaluated for isolation of bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the progress of development of fresh pharmaceuticals addressing to the unmet therapeutic requirements for better health (Cowan et al, 1999).

29. Conclusion • Studies showed that consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, reduces the risk of oxidative damages. • Carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbates, lipoic acids and polyphenols are strong natural anti-oxidants with free radical scavenging activity (Prakash & Sharma, 2014).

30. Scientists from divergent fields are investigating plants anew with an eye to their antimicrobial and antioxidant usefulness. • Laboratories of the world have found literally thousands of phytochemicals which have inhibitory effects on all types of microorganisms in vitro and fight the free radicals promoting fitness and health. • More of these compounds should be subjected to animal and human studies to determine their effectiveness in whole-organism systems, including in particular toxicity studies as well as an examination of their effects on beneficial normal metabolism.

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33. Acknowledgements Dr. Jasmine Fatima, Department of Chemistry, Integral University. Dr. Huma Mustafa, Division of Biotechnology, Joint Director, Council of Science and Technology, U.P. Lucknow. Dr. NeelamPathak, Head of Department, Departmentof Biotechnology, Integral University. Prof. T. Usmani, Pro-Vice Chancellor and Chairman RDC, Integral University. Prof. Irfan A. Khan, Registrar, Integral University. Prof. S.M. Iqbal, Chief Academic Consultant, Integral University. Saadia Mohammed Ali saaya27@yahoo.com