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Announcements

Announcements. Midterms will be returned 10/29 Look for answer key posted on course website Community Event Reflection Paper Due 11/12 Can do as many community events as you’d like up to final exam 1 extra point added to total grade if successfully completed. Scatterings of War.

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • Midterms will be returned 10/29 • Look for answer key posted on course website • Community Event Reflection Paper Due 11/12 • Can do as many community events as you’d like up to final exam • 1 extra point added to total grade if successfully completed

  2. Scatterings of War Refugee Resettlement After the Fall of Saigon

  3. Legacies of Colonialism & War “While there is diversity among the ancestral homelands of America’s Southeast Asian population, there is also similarity... [A]ll of them came into contact with the United States as a result of the American military interventions from the end of the nineteenth through the end of the twentieth centuries. War created the paths of migration between North America & Southeast Asia” (Bankston & Hidalgo, 139) From decolonization to civil war and Cold War neocolonialism Direct military intervention in: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Persisting military presence in: Thailand & Philippines

  4. Journey from the Fall • April 1975 – Saigon falls; north and south are unified under communist rule; Saigon is renamed Ho Chi Minh City • Three significant stages of immigration • Immediately after war • Two waves of “boat people” in late 70s and early 80s • Late surge at close of 80s and early 90s • Vietnamese population goes from 0 to over 1.2 million from 1970 to 2004

  5. 1965 Contradictions • Cold War Liberalism  1965 Immigration Act • Domino Theory & US militarism  Beginning of bombing campaigns in Vietnam • 7th Category of 1965 Immigration Act • Response to refugees from Communist-dominated countries of eastern Europe & Cuba • Cannot accommodate # of refugees from Vietnam War after fall of Saigon

  6. 1975 Relocation Policies • 1975 - first wave of refugee resettlement • Roughly 126,000 • Mostly military personnel, professionals, elite, Catholics  extension of flight from north Vietnam into south • Operation New Life • Military evacuation to overseas then US bases • Wide dispersal to combat concentration of ethnic populations • Program of “Americanization”

  7. “boat people” • Conditions post-fall: • Political re-education camps • Compulsory conscription • Forced relocation to New Economic Zones • War with Cambodia & China  persecution of Sino-Vietnamese • By 1979 – 400,000 Vietnamese had fled by boat or foot to Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand • Overseas refugee camps established • Ed: Philippine Bataan Peninsula

  8. Refugee Act of 1980 # of refugees no longer limited by 1965 Immigration Act # of refugees reviewed annually by congress Govt works in tandem with religious and charitable organizations to assimilate new immigrants into US Orderly Departure Program established – collaboration between US and Vietnam

  9. AmerasianHomecoming Act of 1988 • Bui doi – “dust of life” • Factors of marginalization: • Racial homogeneity • Ethnic hierarchies • Class stratification • Patriarchal society • Anti-American sentiment • American “forgetting” • How does one prove one’s mixed race status? • “Gold children”  abuse and exploitation

  10. Third Stage Relocation • Humanitarian Operation Program of 1989 • Political prisoners and their families • 2nd& 3rd stages of migration  emergence of distinctly Vietnamese communities • Divergences from other Asian immigrant communities: • Governmental assistance • Sponsorship by VOLAGs (volunteer agencies)

  11. Haunted by War • Contemporary immigration patterns: • 1.2 million immigrants = 5th largest immigrant population in US • Fastest growing population from 1970 to 1990 • 50% of Vietnamese population resides in TX or CA • 1 in 5 Vietnamese live in LA metropolitan area • “The difficulties suffered in Vietnam and in the move from Vietnam to America have given adult Vietnamese a strong sense of their own identity, and the families have attempted to pass this ethnic identity on to their children. The traumas of repression and the pains of exile are not just individual biographical episodes but defining experiences for the whole group of people. While some children, whether born in the US or overseas, may reject or resent their past, it remains an ever-present influence on their lives” (Zhou & Bankston, 39)

  12. Questions to Consider How does the narrator and her father adjust to life in the US? What is the symbolism of the glass butterfly in the first chapter? Why does the narrator want to free it so badly?

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