This project is funded by the European Union .

1. This project is funded by the European Union. The content of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Save the Childrenand Juzoorand can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

2. We have spoken to 137 children 10-18 years old, 92 girls and 45 boys • Also 157 parents • And people working with children, for example teachers, health workers, counselors,and social workers

3. To know what?

4. We wanted to know about HIV/ AIDS and other STI’s Marriage, engagement and childbirth Changes during puberty

5. What we’ve learned

6. Personal hygiene

7. How often do you take a bath? Once a week or less Twice a week Once a day Every other day

8. Children! Who do you ask when you have questions about personal hygiene? % % Some children don’t know where to go for information! Girls Boys Mother Father Teacher Sister Brother

9. Changes during puberty

10. % Children!How many physical changes that happen during puberty do you know of? Girls Girls Boys Boys or more

11. Girls!What physical changes do you know of that happen to your body during puberty? Almost all of the service providers can tell of at least three different changes. Girls have slightly better knowledge than their parents about this. Don’t know Breast start to grow More hair grows on body Growing taller Body gets more muscles Hips grow wider Menstruation starts Oily skin & pimples One starts to sweat more %

12. Boys!What physical changes do you know of that happen to your body during puberty? About 9 in 10 service providers know of at least three different changes. Parents have slightly less knowledge of the changes in boys than of the changes in girls. Don’t know More hair grows on body Voice changes One grows taller & gains weight Body becomes more muscled Broadening of shoulders Changes in sex organs Oily skin & pimples One starts to sweat more % %

13. Adults!How many physical changes that happen in children during puberty do you know of? % Changes in girls Changes in boys Parents Health Workers Other Service Providers or more 3 or more 3 or more

14. Children!How many worries and problems do you know of, that one might start facing during puberty? or more

15. Parents & Service Providers! How many worries and problemsdo you know of, that children might start facing during puberty? % Parents Health Workers Other service providers or more

16. What worries & problems do you know of? Don’t know There are none Stomach cramps Wet dreams Feeling tired, fatigued Eating too much Get sad or depressed Get angry or irritated Cannot concentrate on study Feeling shy or timid Note, see note section Children Healh WorkersOther service providersParents % %

17. Summary - puberty • There are many girls and boys who don’t know that much about the different physical changes that happen to our body during puberty. • Almost half of all children don’t know of any of the worries and problems that one might start facing during puberty. • Also the parents don’t have that good of knowledge of the physical changes, and even less knowledge of the different worries and problems. • Service providers do have quite good knowledge of the physical changes, but not too good about the different worries and problems. Why is this knowledge important?

18. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other STI’s

19. Children!How many Sexually Transmitted Infectionsdo you know of? Sexually Transmitted Infection An infection one can get by having sex or more • 14% of the parents didn’t know of any STI, and a bit more than half of them only knew about one. • Service providers know of more than children and parents do and 83% of them know of at least three or more.

20. Children & their knowledge of STI:sOf the children who do know about an infection, the most common to know about is HIV/AIDS (59% of all children). None of the children know about • Genital warts • Genital herpes Only a very few children know about • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Thrush • Pubic lice • Hepatitis B & C

21. Adults & their knowledge of STI:s Also amongst the adults the most common STI to know about is HIV/AIDS. All of the service providers we have spoken to and 82% of all parents mentioned this. Amongst the other service providers, there are several STI:s many of them have not heard of. 13-16% of the parents know about Hepatitis B, Gonorrhea & Syphilis. Very few know of the other STI:s. Health workers are the most knowledgeable, still there are several STI:s not many of them know about.

22. Children!How many symptoms or signs do you know of, that could tell if a person has gotten an STI? Almost 8 of 10 children don’t know of any sign at all! or more • Of the service providers, more than 70% know of three symptoms or more. • 61% of all parents don’t know of any symptoms!

23. Children!How many of you have heard about HIV/AIDS? % • More girls than boys have heard about it 10-12 years old 13-15 years old 16-18 years old Yes No

24. Children! How many ways to get infected with HIV do you know of? % More girls than boys know of no symptoms at all! 10-12 years old13-15 years old16-18 years old or more

25. Adults & their knowledge of HIV/AidsAll of the service providers we have spoken to and 90% of all parents have heard about HIV/AIDS. Amongst the other service providers, 11% only know of two ways to get infected. 6% of the parents don’t know of any way to get infected. 43% know of at least three ways. Amongst the health workers, 21% know of only two ways to get infected.

26. Which ways to get infected with HIV do you know of? Don’t know Sexual relations Sharing syringes Unclean medical equipment Blood transfusion Mother to child Mosquito or other insect bites Breast milk Casual contact with infected person Other way to get infected Children Parents Health Workers Other service providers !?! !?!?! % %

27. Children! How many ways of avoiding to get infected with HIV do you know of? More boys than girls know of three ways or more! % 10-12 years old13-15 years old16-18 years old Almost all service providers know of at least three different ways. Amongst parents, only 35% know of at least three ways. or more or more

28. Not having sexat all Be faithfulto partner Encourage partner to be faithful Avoid contaminated blood Always use a condom Not sharing syringes Not sharing razors and blades Avoid prostitutes Not having casual sex Avoid casual contact with infected person Other suggestion Don’t know Which ways of avoiding to get infected with HIV do you know of? Children Parents Health Workers Other Service Providers !?!?! % %

29. Summary – STI:s, HIV/AIDS 39% of all children don’t know of any STI, and half of all children only know about 1. 79% children don’t know of any symptoms. The knowledge amongst service providers is quite good, although there are still several STI:s that they don’t know of. Amongst parents not many of them know of more than 1 and some don’t know of any. 61% of the parents don’t know of any symptoms. Not many of the younger children have heard of HIV/AIDS. Many children of all ages lack knowledge regarding ways to get infected, and ways to protect oneself from getting infected. Also amongst the parents many of them lack this knowledge, and also some amongst the service providers. Why is this knowledge important?

30. Engagement, marriage & childbirth

31. Children & parents! In your opinion, when is the best age to get engaged for girls and boys? According to children % According to parents % Best age for girls Best age for boys Max. Don’t know Don’t know Don’t know

32. Children & parents! In your opinion, when is the best age to get married for girls and boys? According to parents According to children % % Best age for girls Best age for boys Don’t know

33. About engagement and marriage • Almost 8 times more boys than girls, thought that the best age for a girl to get engaged is when she is older than 25. • More than twice as many boys than girls, thought that the girl should be at least 25 when marrying. • More mothers than fathers think that the girl should be at least 18 years old when getting engaged or married. Many children, parents and service providers think that the girls should engage and marry earlier than what boys should do.

34. What about education? Should children under 18 who are married continue with their education? % Boys Girls Fathers Mothers Service Providers No Yes Don’t know

35. Children! When is the best age to have one’s first child? More boys than girls think the best age is 25 or more! Don’t know

36. Pregnancy & child birth Do you think this should be avoided during adolescence? % Children Parents Service providers Of the ones who do think pregnancy and child birth should be avoided during adolescence, still don’t know of the reasons why! Yes No Don’t know

37. About the complications • Several parents and service providers think that an adolescent is not capable to care for a child. • Very few children know about premature birth, bleeding, low birth weight, mental and physical disabilities in the children. • Not many children know about still birth, spontaneous abortion, maternal death and high level of childhood illness. • Also amongst parents there is an alarming lack of knowledge! Several children and also some parents even think there are no negative effects at all!

38. Summary – engagement, marriage and child birth • Many children, parents and service providers think that the girl should engage and marry earlier than what the boy should do. • Although most children, parents and service providers do think that children under 18 should continue their education also if they are married or engaged, there are still some who don’t agree with this. • Many children, parents and almost all service providers, think that pregnancy and child birth should be avoided during adolescence. Still there are many of them who don’t know of the reasons to why. • 45% of the children don’t know of any of these reasons. What do we think of this?

39. Violence towards children

40. This also means that a lot of children have to witness violence! Is there violence against children 10-17 years, in your community?

41. Where does the violence towards children take place? According to the service providers 1 2 3 4 5 At home from adults (71%) In the neighborhood between youth themselves (65%) At school from other students (55%) At home from siblings (41%) At school from teachers (37%)

42. I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIVE WITHOUT ANY KIND OF VIOLENCE! 94% of all children agrees with this statement!

43. “I have the responsibility to make sure I don’t hurt others!” 92% of all children agree!

44. “It is appropriate for a husband to hit his wife, or for a brother to hit his sister!” 96% children don’t agree with this!

45. Violence against Children Physical abuse Hitting with a hand Hitting with an object Shaking Pulling child’s hair Burning with hot water, match, cigarette Forcing child to stay in uncomfort -able position Forcing child to take excessive physical exercise Children Parents Service Providers • This shows how many that do not consider these forms as physical abuse! %

46. Violence against ChildrenEmotional & Psychological abuse Bad name calling Shouting Saying to the child “No one loves you” Locking child into a space all alone Threatening Parents abandoning child Neglecting child’s emotional needs Children Parents • This shows how many that do not consider these forms as emotional and psychological abuse! %

47. Violence against Children Sexual abuse Children Parents Service Providers Touching a child’s private parts Making child touch owns’ or someone else’s private parts Having sex with a child Showing child magazines/ films with pictures of naked or almost naked people Telling child “dirty” stories or jokes This is how many who do not think these are forms of sexual abuse! %

48. Who do you think is the perpetrator of sexually abusing children? % Boys Girls Parents Service Providers Father Uncle Neighbor Stranger, Other Brother Friend Boyfriend (male) Don’t know

49. Children! How many strategies do you know of, to protect yourselves from violence? Girls know of some more strategies than the boys do or more %

50. And some children don’t know of any! Children and protection strategies against violence