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Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae

Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae Found in shallow open coastal settings where water temperature usually < 20 o C Bottom depth typically <20 m Light readily available Highly productive, diverse ecosystems Productivity related to fast kelp growth rates. Fig. 16-7. Pacific Fig. 16-8.

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Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae

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  1. Kelp Forests • Dominated by brown algae • Found in shallow open coastal settings where water temperature usually <20 oC • Bottom depth typically <20 m • Light readily available • Highly productive, diverse ecosystems • Productivity related to fast kelp growth rates

  2. Fig. 16-7

  3. Pacific Fig. 16-8 Atlantic Fig. 16-9

  4. Kelp Forests

  5. Kelp Forests • Factors Affecting Kelp Forests • Intensity and frequency of winter storms • Presence/Absence of urchin predators (sea otters/lobsters) • Abundance and behavior of herbivores • Winter storms can rip kelps from their holdfasts • After severe storms, portions of sea floor may be stripped of kelp • Urchins deprived of preferred foods (mature kelp or drift algae) may increase mobility and eat newly recruited kelps • Grazing may prevent kelps from re-growing • Leads to establishment of more resistant coralline algae • Leads to urchin barrens vanaqua.org

  6. Fig. 16-14 hopkins.stanford.edu

  7. Kelp Forests • Kelp Forest Ecology • Sea otters/Lobsters important top-down regulators of community structure • Prey on important grazers like urchins (Pac/Atl) and abalones (Pac) • Urchins, abalones, other herbivores graze on attached seaweeds, drift kelp • Urchin populations can have a major impact on community composition Fig. 16-11

  8. Fig. 16-15

  9. Plants • Bryophytes • Non-vascular plants • Dominant gametophyte • Marchantiophyta (liverworts) • Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) • Bryophyta (mosses)

  10. bio1151.nicerweb.com

  11. Plants • Pteridophytes • Vascular plants • Dominant sporophyte • Lycopodiophyta (club mosses) • Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails) sierrapotomac.org stevie8126.blogspot.com malag.aes.oregonstate.edu

  12. Plants • Seed Plants • Vascular plants • Dominant sporophyte • Cycadophyta (sago palms) • Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) • Pinophyta (conifers) • Gnetophyta (gnetales) • Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)**

  13. cycads southafrica.net ginkgo ucmp.berkeley.edu Welwitschia biolib.cz conifers frogsonice.com

  14. Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) • True roots, stems, leaves • Roots • Mechanical anchors • Absorb water, minerals • Often with root hairs (increase surface area for absorption) • May store carbohydrates • Stems • Elevate and separate leaves • Elevate reproductive structures • Nodes, internodes • Leaves • Main photosynthetic organ • Blade, petiole, veins • Specialized vascular tissues that transport water, minerals, nutrients • Xylem – Water • Phloem – Minerals, nutrients

  15. thomson.fosterscience.com

  16. parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma

  17. micro.magnet.fsu.edu

  18. Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) • Monocots vs. dicots holganix.com

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