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The Struggle for Civil Rights

The Struggle for Civil Rights. Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896. “Separate But Equal Doctrine” Made African-Americans 2 nd class citizens Etiquette of proper race relations developed Had to address whites as Mr. and Mrs. Blacks addressed as “boy” and “girl” Black couldn’t challenge whites.

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The Struggle for Civil Rights

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  1. The Struggle for Civil Rights

  2. Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896 • “Separate But Equal Doctrine” • Made African-Americans 2nd class citizens • Etiquette of proper race relations developed • Had to address whites as Mr. and Mrs. • Blacks addressed as “boy” and “girl” • Black couldn’t challenge whites

  3. PLESSEY vs FERGUSON • Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not Unconstitutional. • Created Separate but Equal

  4. The South • Emmett Till • Visiting relatives in Mississippi from Chicago • Whistled at a white woman • Was found beaten and thrown in the river by a mob of white men • Funeral was televised- brought national attention to racial tensions in the South

  5. Emmett Till • Killed while visiting the South. • The freedoms in the North for African Americans did not extend into the South.

  6. Brown v. Board of Education- May 17, 1954 • Segregated schools were found to be inferior because it stigmatized African-Americans • Reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of “Separate but Equal” • 1957- Governor of Arkansas used National Guard to prevent 9 black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School • Eisenhower placed National Guard under federal control and sent to soldiers to Little Rock to allow the 9 students to attend

  7. Brown vs Board of Education • Said that segregation of schools was unconstitutional. • South refused to integrate.

  8. The Little Rock Nine

  9. Passive Resistance • Montgomery, Alabama • Rosa Parks- refuses to give up her seat to a white person • Montgomery Improvement Association began • Selected Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as President • Advocated non-violent philosophy

  10. Rosa Parks • Refused to give up seat to white man. • NAACP boycott the buses in Montgomery AL.

  11. Students Strengthen Civil Rights Movement • Greensboro, North Carolina- 2/1/1960 students remained seated at the lunch counter until they were served or arrested Manager did not arrest them, they returned to school to get more students New way to protest- “sit-in”

  12. Passive Resistance • Passive resistance becomes popular. • White and black students participate in “Sit ins”

  13. Election of 1960 • African-Americans helped Kennedy win the presidency in 1960. • Believed he would support civil rights

  14. Kennedy Elected • African Americans support helped Kennedy win the election

  15. SCLC- prepared Project C (Confrontation)- Birmingham, AL • Planned to provoke confrontation with white officials- hoped it would be televised and attract sympathy from white Northerners. • Children marched into the city- fire hoses were used

  16. African Americans used the press and public opinion to help their cause

  17. March on Washington- Aug. 28, 1963 • 250,000 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial • Black and White marchers protested against segregated facilities • Dr. King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”

  18. March on Washington Aug, 1963 • Protested segregation • I have a Dream speech

  19. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed this through Congress • Eliminated “whites only” public facilities • Title VII outlawed racial bias during hiring process by employers

  20. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Eliminated “Whites Only” facilities • No racial bias in hiring for jobs

  21. Racial Barriers Remained in South • Medgar Evers- civil rights leader shot to death in Jackson, Mississippi • Encouraged many blacks to vote • Civil rights workers continued voter registration campaigns.

  22. Racial Barriers in South • Voting campaigns often ended in death.

  23. Mississippi Summer Project • White volunteers came to work in Mississippi • Presence brought national attention • 3 volunteers- 2 white, 1 black turn up missing • Were on their way to investigate a church bombing in Mississippi • Murdered by KKK and law enforcement personnel

  24. White Volunteers from the North • They were beat up, or disappeared.

  25. Militant Black Consciousness • Malcolm X (Malcolm Little) • Grew up in poverty • Lost hope that he could succeed in a white society • Ended up in jail

  26. Militant Black Consciousness (con’t) • While in jail received a letter from his brother teaching him about the Nation of Islam • 1964- formed a new organization- Organization of Afro-American Unity • 1965- assassinated while giving a speech in New York

  27. Militant Black Consciousness(Con’t) • Members of Nation of Islam convicted of Malcolm X’s murder • Started rise of “Black Power”

  28. Militants • Malcolm X • Formed the Nation of Islam • Wanted to use force, instead of passive resistance

  29. Militant Black Consciousness(Con’t) • Black Panther Party • Goal: gain political office for African-Americans throughout the South • Militant in demands for “land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace”. • King very critical of black militant groups- thought it weakened support of Whites

  30. Martin Luther King • Thought that the militants would cause loss of white support.

  31. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • April 4, 1968- assassinated in Memphis • Led to new wave of urban violence • Poverty still remained high among African-Americans even though segregation had ended.

  32. Martin Luther King • Assassinated April 14th 1968 in Memphis Tennesee.

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