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The Cold War Begins. Ideological Differences between the United States and the Soviet Union. By April 1945 Soviet and U.S. troops enter Germany. U.S. and Soviet soldiers meet in Elbe, Germany.
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The Cold War Begins Ideological Differences between the United States and the Soviet Union.
I. Yalta Conference a. February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Yalta (a Soviet resort on the Black Sea) to plan the post war Europe. b. Several issues came up at the Yalta Conference: 1. Two governments would claim Poland in 1945, - In the East, Communist and in the West, non- Communist. 2. Both the U.S./British and the Soviets compromised on the government of Poland. c. The “Big Three” (leaders) agreed to the “Declaration of Liberated Europe” – promising democratic elections as early as possible.
Truman and Stalin meet for the first time and only time in 1945.
II. Dividing Germany a. The Allies agreed to split Germany into four zones, one zone each controlled by Britain, France, the U.S. and the Soviet Union. b. Berlin (Germany’s capital) was also broken up into the four zones, even though the city of Berlin was located within the Soviet zone. c. Just like WWI, Germany would be forced to pay war reparations which was to be paid thru Germany’s post-war exports and production.
III. Tension Begins a. Soviet refusal to allow democratic elections in Poland, and efforts to encourage neighboring countries to adopt communism creates hostilities between the Soviets and the Allies. b. The Cold War is the tense period between 1945-1991 in relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union.
IV. Ideological Differences of the Cold War a. The Soviets became concerned about security (after WWII). b. They wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure the countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control. c. The U.S. believed the global depression forced countries into war (in order to gain recourses).
Soviets create “satellite nations” to establish a buffer between themselves and Germany
IV. Ideological Differences of the Cold War 1. The U.S. wanted to promote economic growth by increasing world trade. 2. U.S. wanted to promote democracy and free enterprise. 3. U.S. believed that democratic governments with protections for people’s rights made countries more stable and peaceful.
V. The Spreading of Communism a. The presence of the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured pro-Soviet communist governments would be established in Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. b. The communist countries of Eastern Europe came to be called satellite nations because they were controlled by the Soviets. c. As more and more countries fell under the control of the Soviets, Winston Churchill called this takeover as “an Iron Curtain falling across Eastern Europe.”
The Soviet sphere of influence spreads throughout Eastern Europe.
The Truman Doctrine The Beginning of the Cold War
A. Backgrounda. Before Truman issued the Truman Doctrine proposal on March 12, 1947, the Soviet Union had been acting less aggressively 1. The Soviet Union lowered Red Army from 12 million in 1945 to 3.5 million in 1947. 2. American forces dropped from 10 million to 1.4 million. b. Stalin claims the West is in crisis and that “atom-dollar” diplomacy would fail. c. The colonial world was in turmoil as several nations fought for independence and self-determination.
The origins of Cold War politics for the United States.I. Cold War Politics a. Truman Doctrine (1947): goal is to aid “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” b. Overall, the U.S. pledged to stop the spread of communism. - a.k.a. The Policy of Containment.
II. Colonial breakupImperial CountryColony seeking Independence Great Britain India, Egypt France Indochina Netherlands(Dutch) Indonesia Middle East Jewish Question
III. Economic Outlook a. American economy needed colonial areas to be settled so that these countries could start to consume U.S. products. b. Europe would soon run out of gold to pay for U.S. goods (Socialism becomes appealing). c. Feb. 21, 1947 British inform U.S. they can no longer fund Greece.
IV. Leading to The Truman DoctrineA. Greece 1. Struggling through civil war from 1944-1947, conservative- monarchy in power supported by Britain. 2. National Liberation Front (NLF) of Greece was fighting against the Greek gov’t, they were led by communists. 3. NLF received funding from Yugoslavian president Tito. 4. US poured over $260 million dollars into Greece through Britain in 1946. 5. Truman asks Congress for $400 million. 6. The administration requests support for the global war against communism.
b. Truman Doctrine 1. Secretary of State Acheson informs Congress that the threat is not the Greek civil war but Russian communism 2. Liberty vs. Dictatorship / Communism vs. Democracy 3. President told Congress that US would directly oversee the funds and run Greek economy 4. George Kennan, expert on Soviet Union, objected to sending military aid to Turkey but his argument was rejected by Acheson 5. Kennan also objected to the ideological tone of the speech, but Acheson and Truman felt that the Senate would not approve the budget without the emphasis on Communism
Dean Acheson Presidential advisors play a major role in Cold War politics and policies George Kennan
b. The Truman Doctrine (continued)6. Economic issues also discussed regarding the Truman Doctrine policy-Economic stability and free markets around the world was the key to US prosperity 7. Widespread communism would lead to world depression according to State Dept. officials 8. Truman convinced Congress that it was better to support “imperfect democracies” than to ignore “totalitarian regimes.”
c. Results of the Truman Doctrine 1. Fear of communism used to cement the Cold War as an IDEOLOGICAL clash. 2. Foreign policy power shifts from Congress to the President. 3. Americans intervene in the domestic affairs of a country for first time in post-war era, this would start a trend. 4. Provided large amounts of aid to secure European & American economies.
II. NSC-68 a. NSC-68: a 58 page document which outlined the U.S. Cold War strategy. b. Recommendations of NSC-68: 1. Against negotiations with the Soviet Union. 2. Development of a Hydrogen Bomb. 3. Rapid build up of conventional military forces. 4. Large increase of taxes (to fund new policies).
II. NSC-68 5. Mobilization of American Society. - Focus on American “sacrifice and unity.” 6. Strong alliance system directed by the U.S. (to combat the Iron Curtain). 7. Undermine Soviet Rule from within. c. NSC-68 increased U.S. defense spending to about $50 billion per year. - Previous budgets allocated $13 billion in defense spending.
III. Uniting Germany a. At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones – each controlled by the Allied countries (France, England, U.S. and the Soviets). - The city of Berlin was also split into the 4 zones. b. In 1948, 3 of the 4 zones of France, England, and the U.S. merged into one. c. The purpose was to create a new German nation called The Federal Republic of Germany. - It was commonly known as West Germany. d. West Germany was not allowed to have a military but in most respects, it was independent.
IV. The Soviet’s Response to West Germany a. The Soviets responded by cutting all roads and rail traffic to West Berlin. (blockade) b. The blockade cut off 2.1 million residents West Berlin. - Citizens had only enough food to last approximately 5 weeks. c. American officials stated. “The challenge was to keep West Berlin alive without provoking war with the Soviets.
Soviets deny West Berliners from crossing over to East Berlin. The exodus has created a worker shortage in West Berlin
V. The Berlin Airlift Begins a. Truman ordered the air force to fly supplies into Berlin beginning in June 1948. b. The Airlift brought more that 2 million tons of supplies to West Berlin. c. The airlift lasted 327 days, as planes took off around the clock.
The Berlin Airlift begins to provided fuel, food, and other essentials to West Berliners
V. The Berlin Airlift Begins d. By May 1949, the Soviet Union lifted the blockade. e. The airlift symbolized American determination to contain communism and to give in to Soviet demands. f. The blockade portrayed the Soviet Union in a negative light.
VI. NATO a. The Berlin Blockade convinced many Americans that the Soviets were bent on conquest. b. Americans supported a military alliance with Western Europe. c. April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) a mutual defense alliance was created. d. NATO included 12 countries (US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland). e. For the first time in its History, the U.S. committed itself to maintaining peace in Europe. f. The Soviets responded by creating its own military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact.
Secretary of State, Dean Acheson signs NATO treaty for the United States.
The Cold War Spreads into Asia China turns Red
I. The Chinese Revolution a. A civil war began in China between Communist forces and the Nationalist government. b. The struggling Nationalist government was led by Chiang Kai-shek (in control since the 1929s). c. The Communists rallied behind their leader Mao Zedong. d. WWII suspended the Chinese Civil War because of the Japanese invasion of China.
II. The U.S. gets involved in China a. To prevent a Communist Revolution in Asia, the U.S. sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid (in the mid-1940s). b. Kai-shek and the Nationalists squandered the money thru poor military planning and corruption. c. By 1949, the Communist had captured the Chinese capital of Beijing as support for the Nationalists declined.
General MacArthur is sent to China to support Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist.
