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Kilpisjärvi Biological Station

Kilpisjärvi Biological Station. Käsivarrentie 14622 FIN-99490 KILPISJÄRVI www.kilpis.helsinki.fi tel. +358-16-320 2200 fax. +358-16-320 2100. Faculty of Biosciences. LOCATION I. Photo: Marja-Liisa Leminen. Kilpisjärvi village. LOCATION II. THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 69  03’N; 20  50’E

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Kilpisjärvi Biological Station

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  1. Kilpisjärvi Biological Station Käsivarrentie 14622 FIN-99490 KILPISJÄRVIwww.kilpis.helsinki.fitel. +358-16-320 2200fax. +358-16-320 2100 Faculty of Biosciences

  2. LOCATION I Photo: Marja-Liisa Leminen Kilpisjärvi village

  3. LOCATION II THE ARCTIC OCEAN • 6903’N; 2050’E • +2 hours GMT • 270 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle, but only 50 kilometres from the Arctic Ocean • 160 kilometres from Troms, 600 kilometres from City of Oulu SWEDEN NORWAY FINLAND RUSSIA

  4. GEOGRAPHY I • Schematic representation of the altitude variation from the Arctic Ocean to the Inland NW SE Skibotn Kilpisjärvi Kaaresuvanto

  5. GEOGRAPHY II • Kilpisjärvi lies c. 473 metres above sea level • Landscape is mosaic of treeless mountain heaths, willow bushes and small lakes and ponds • Landscape dominated by fjelds, such as Saana (1029m) and Halti (1328m) • Large rivers: Könkämäeno, Poroeno, Rommaeno and Lätäseno

  6. GEOLOGY Arkose quartzite Basic metavolcanic rock Sandstone and blueish quartzite • Rocks in the Kilpisjärvi region (400-500 million years old) are remarkably younger than in the surroundings (up to 2 billion years old) • Rockbed is in connection with the Scandinavian mountain ridge Dolomite Shale and slate

  7. CLIMATE I • Kilpisjärvi is one of the coldest places in Continental Europemeasured by annual mean temperature • For example: Abisko (Sweden) 385 m. a.s.l. -1,0  C Finse (Norway) 1222 m a.s.l. -2,0  C Kilpisjärvi (Finland) 480 m a.s.l. -2,3  C The annual mean temperature in Kilpisjärvi in 1952-2002

  8. CLIMATE II • Mean temperatures:January (-13,6), February (-12,5C)June (+7,5C), July (+10,9C) • Yearly precipitation: 450 mm • Length of growing season: 100 days • Snow cover from mid-October to early-June • No sunrise between 25 Nov and 17 Jan, continuous sunshine from 22 May to 22 Jul

  9. CLIMATE III The mean monthly precipitation and temperature

  10. CLIMATE IV Average snow cover

  11. Annual rhythm in Kilpisjärvi: • Period of darkness25 Nov – 17 Jan • Midnight sun22 May – 22Jul • Growing season31 May – 17 Sep • Snow coverage17 Oct – 5 Jun

  12. NATURAL HISTORY - FLORA • Flora • Major biotopes:Mountain birch forestMountain heathsMarshland • Factors affecting the vegetation1. Continental-maritime divide= Very continental climate (cold winters, warm summers) but the proximity of sea (50 kms) affects the vegetation (lot of winter precipitation) Grayleaf Willow (Salix glauca)

  13. NATURAL HISTORY – FLORA II 2. Altitude variationFrom 470 to 1300 metresa.s.l.3. Alkaline rocks (e.g. dolomite) abundant-> Numerous calcophilic plant species4. Herding (Reindeers, small mammals) Photo: Josef Timar Norwegian lemming(Lemmus lemmus)

  14. NATURAL HISTORY – FLORA III • Some 450 vascular plant species in the Kilpisjärvi region of which 28 species found only there • For more images, see:www.kilpis.helsinki.fi Lapland Buttercup(Ranunculus glacialis) Lapland Rose Bay(Rhododendron lapponicum)

  15. NATURAL HISTORY - FAUNA • Fishes13 breeding species, many lax species • Amphibians & ReptilesOnly common frog and lizard found, both adapted to the northern climate • Birds188 species observed 97 of which regular breeders • Mammals24 breeding species (e.g. the Norwegian lemming and the Arctic Fox) Photo: Josef Timar Redstart(Phoenicurus phoenicurus)

  16. NATURAL HISTORY – FAUNA II • Invertebrates • Butterflies16 species found only in the Kilpisjärvi region in Finland asAcerbia alpina Photo: Olavi Sotavalta Acerbia alpina

  17. HOW DO PEOPLE LIVE? I • INHABITATS • The Commune of Enontekiö: 2150 • Kilpisjärvi: <100 • Lots of seasonal workers from March to September • 70 % OF THE SURFACE AREA OF ENONTEKIÖ PROTECTED • Käsivarsi wilderness area, Pallas-Ounastunturi national park, Malla strict nature reserve and other protected areas • OVER 36 000 TURISTS YEARLY + OTHER VISITORS

  18. HOW DO PEOPLE LIVE? II • Shopping-tourism from Norway (some 100 000 in 2002) • Passing cargo from Norway to Finland and Sweden • In spite of remote location, Kilpisjärvi is a very popular place among visitors and tourists • Norwegian settlements in the village Tourism and trade major sources of income Hiking Centre

  19. ECONOMY • Main means of livelihood • Tourism: Hotels, accommodation, transport • Trade: Shop, gas station, cafés • Public services: Border guard, customs, Forest Research Institute, Forest and Park Service, Biological Station, Kilpisjärvi School • Reindeer herding: Not significant • Rate of unemployment in Enontekiö: 19,7 % (2002) • Lot of construction in 2003-

  20. TRANSPORT • By airplane and taxi • Kittilä or Hetta (Enontekiö) • By train and bus • From Kolari or Rovaniemi • Distances • Rovaniemi: 470 kms • Kolari: 290 kms • Kittilä: 270 kms • Hetta 180 kms

  21. ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS I • Main biotopes: • Treeless mountain heaths (75 %) • Sub-alpine birch forest and willow bushes (14%) • Marshland (10%) • Lakes and ponds (4%) • Biotopes have suffered little of human activities due to the remote location: • No power plants, no oil emissions • No heavy industry, no emission of heavy metals • No large establishments • Very little fall-out of pollutans from Kola Peninsula

  22. ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS II • POTENTIAL THREATHS IN THE FUTURE: • 1. Construction • Impossible in large parts of the Kilpisjärvi area (protected areas). Locally a possible threat • 2. Global change of climate • Potential risk • 3. Grazing of reindeers • Potential risk for rare alpine plants? • Over-herding in the late 1980’s, at the moment the amount of reindeer only 50% of that

  23. ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS III • POTENTIAL THREATHS IN THE FUTURE: • 4. Disturbance (snow mobiles, tourism) • Potential risk for breeding of rare birds (Gyrfalckon etc.) • Mechanic erosion in the hiking tracks and around wilderness huts • 5. Increase of transportation • Is limited in the proximity of the main road • Air traffic (airplanes, helicopters)

  24. INFRASTRUCTURE OF STATION I • The four station buildings comprise 1600 m2 • Seismic station of the University of Helsinki • Four laboratories, computer room, library, offices and catering centre in the main building. Three separate accommodation buildings • Accommodation for some 60 people • Two lecture halls for either 30 or 60 people • Laboratories equipped with basic laboratory equipment. Wide variety of field equipment is available.

  25. INFRASTRUCTURE OF STATION II Overview of the station Seismic station

  26. INFRASTRUCTURE OF STATION III Laboratory facilities

  27. INFRASTRUCTURE OF STATION IV Lecture halls

  28. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES • 1946 Long-term follow-up studies on the animal and plant ecology • Problem of mass occurences of lemmings • The cyclicity of small-rodent populations • Variation in the quality and quantity of mountain heath plants • Population dynamics of hole-nesting passerines Multi-annual fluctuation of small rodents in Kilpisjärvi in 1952-1997

  29. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES II Long-term follow-up studies form the core of scientific activities at the station

  30. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES III • Geographical, geophysical, paleolimnological, hydrobiological & other studies… • The properties of snow • Adaptation of amphibians and reptiles on the northern climate • Environmental history (Molar, Chill, Emerge) • Parasites of fishes • Mountain Birch Ecosystems project, Fungi project • International co-operative projects • ITEX: Effects of global warming on alpine plants • SCANNET • LAPBIAT • HIBECO: Study on mountain birch

  31. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

  32. PhotosMarja-Liisa Leminen, Rauni Partanen, Olavi Sotavalta and Josef TimarLayout, Diagrams & TextKilpisjärvi Biological Station DataFinnish Meteorological Institute, Kilpisjärvi Biological Station and National Land Survey of Finland Faculty of Biosciences 2004

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