Spaceship Earth

1. Spaceship Earth Our goals for learning: • How is Earth moving in our solar system? • How is our solar system moving in the Milky Way Galaxy? • How do galaxies move within the universe? • Are we ever sitting still?

2. How is Earth moving in our solar system? • Contrary to our perception, we are not “sitting still.” • We are moving with Earth in several ways, and at surprisingly fast speeds. The Earth rotates around its axis once every day.

3. Earth orbits the Sun (revolves) once every year: • at an average distance of 1 AU ≈ 150 million kilometers. • with Earth’s axis tilted by 23.5º (pointing to Polaris) It rotates in the same direction it orbits, counterclockwise as viewed from above the North Pole.

4. How is our Sun moving in in the Milky Way Galaxy? Our Sun moves randomly relative to the other stars in the local solar neighborhood… • typical relative speeds of more than 70,000 km/hr • but stars are so far away that we cannot easily notice their motion … and orbits the galaxy every 230 million years.

5. More detailed study of the Milky Way’s rotation reveals one of the greatest mysteries in astronomy:

6. How do galaxies move within the universe? Galaxies are carried along with the expansion of the universe. But how did Hubble figure out that the universe is expanding?

7. Hubble discovered that: • All galaxies outside our Local Group are moving away from us. • The more distant the galaxy, the faster it is racing away. Conclusion: We live in an expanding universe.

8. Are we ever sitting still?

9. What have we learned? • How is Earth moving in our solar system? • It rotates on its axis once a day and orbits the Sun at a distance of 1 AU = 150 million kilometers. • How is our solar system moving in the Milky Way Galaxy? • Stars in the Local Neighborhood move randomly relative to one another and orbit the center of the Milky Way in about 230 million years.

10. What have we learned? • How do galaxies move within the universe? • All galaxies beyond the Local Group are moving away from us with expansion of the universe: the more distant they are, the faster they’re moving. • Are we ever sitting still? • No! Earth is constantly in motion, even though we don’t notice it.

11. Discovering the Universe for Yourself

12. Patterns in the Night Sky Our goals for learning: • What does the universe look like from Earth? • Why do stars rise and set? • Why do the constellations we see depend on latitude and time of year?

13. What does the universe look like from Earth? • With the naked eye, we can see more than 2000 stars as well as the Milky Way.

14. Constellations

15. Constellations • A constellation is a region of the sky. Eighty-eight constellations fill the entire sky.

16. Constellations

17. Thought QuestionThe brightest stars in a constellation: • all belong to the same star cluster. • all lie at about the same distance from Earth. • may actually be quite far away from each other.

18. Thought QuestionThe brightest stars in a constellation: • all belong to the same star cluster. • all lie at about the same distance from Earth. • may actually be quite far away from each other.

19. The Celestial Sphere Stars at different distances all appear to lie on the celestial sphere. The 88 official constellations cover the celestial sphere.

20. The Celestial Sphere Ecliptic is the Sun’s apparent path through the celestial sphere.

21. The Celestial Sphere North celestial pole is directly above Earth’s North Pole. South celestial pole is directly above Earth’s South Pole. Celestial equator is a projection of Earth’s equator onto sky.

22. The Milky Way A band of light making a circle around the celestial sphere. What is it? Our view into the plane of our galaxy.

23. The Milky Way

24. The Local Sky An object’s altitude (above horizon) and direction (along horizon) specify its location in your local sky.

25. The Local Sky Meridian: line passing through zenith and connecting N and S points on horizon Zenith: the point directly overhead Horizon: all points 90° away from zenith

26. We measure the sky using angles.

27. Angular Measurements • Full circle = 360º • 1º = 60 (arcminutes) • 1 = 60 (arcseconds)

28. Thought QuestionThe angular size of your finger at arm’s length is about 1°. How many arcseconds is this? • 60 arcseconds • 600 arcseconds • 60  60 = 3600 arcseconds

29. Thought Question The angular size of your finger at arm’s length is about 1°. How many arcseconds is this? • 60 arcseconds • 600 arcseconds • 60  60 = 3600 arcseconds

30. Angular Size An object’s angular size appears smaller if it is farther away.

31. Why do stars rise and set? Earth rotates from west to east, so stars appear to circle from east to west.

32. Our view from Earth: • Stars near the north celestial pole are circumpolar and never set. • We cannot see stars near the south celestial pole. • All other stars (and Sun, Moon, planets) rise in east and set in west.

33. Thought QuestionWhat is the arrow pointing to in the photo below?A. the zenithB. the north celestial poleC. the celestial equator

34. Thought QuestionWhat is the arrow pointing to in the photo below?A. the zenithB. the north celestial poleC. the celestial equator

35. Why do the constellations we see depend on latitude and time of year? • They depend on latitude because your position on Earth determines which constellations remain below the horizon. • They depend on time of year because Earth’s orbit changes the apparent location of the Sun among the stars.

36. Coordinates on the Earth • Latitude: position north or south of equator • Longitude: position east or west of prime meridian (runs through Greenwich, England)

37. The sky varies with latitude but not with longitude.

38. Altitude of the celestial pole = your latitude

39. Thought QuestionThe North Star (Polaris) is 50° above your horizon, due north. Where are you? • You are on the equator. • You are at the North Pole. • You are at latitude 50°N. • You are at longitude 50°E. • You are at latitude 50°N and longitude 50°E.

40. Thought QuestionThe North Star (Polaris) is 50° above your horizon, due north. Where are you? • You are on the equator. • You are at the North Pole. • You are at latitude 50°N. • You are at longitude 50°E. • You are at latitude 50°N and longitude 50°E.

41. The sky varies as Earth orbits the Sun • As the Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun appears to move eastward along the ecliptic. • At midnight, the stars on our meridian are opposite the Sun in the sky.

42. What have we learned? • What does the universe look like from Earth? • We can see over 2000 stars and the Milky Way with our naked eyes, and each position on the sky belongs to one of 88 constellations. • We can specify the position of an object in the local sky by its altitude above the horizon and its direction along the horizon. • Why do stars rise and set? • Because of Earth’s rotation.

43. What have we learned? • Why do the constellations we see depend on latitude and time of year? • Your location determines which constellations are hidden by Earth. • The time of year determines the location of the Sun on the celestial sphere.