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EEG-neurofeedback training of elite singers including fMRI assessments.

EEG-neurofeedback training of elite singers including fMRI assessments. Conjunct COST B27 and SAN Scientific Meeting, Swansea, UK, 16-18 September 2006. Boris Kleber, John Gruzelier, Martin Lotze, Ralf Veit , Mike Bensch & Niels Birbaumer.

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EEG-neurofeedback training of elite singers including fMRI assessments.

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  1. EEG-neurofeedback training of elite singers including fMRI assessments. Conjunct COST B27 and SAN Scientific Meeting, Swansea, UK, 16-18 September 2006 Boris Kleber, John Gruzelier, Martin Lotze, Ralf Veit , Mike Bensch & Niels Birbaumer Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen

  2. Aims Continuation of a series of studies that demonstrated that alpha/theta eeg-biofeedback training could enhace the performance of music conservatory students (Egner & Gruzelier, 2003).

  3. Introduction In this study we focused on elite classical singers (mostly opera). Why? • A homogeneous group may reveal possible effects that could get masked otherwise, and • since singers „are“ their instrument, training related changes in performance may be traced more easily.

  4. Method EEG Biofeedback: • Alpha/theta training (a/t; acoustic feedback) • aims at elevating electrocortical theta (5-8 Hz) and alpha (8-11 Hz) activity at electrode Pz in an eyes closed resting state. • Sensorimotor-rhythm (SMR; visual feedback) • aims at elevating electrocortical smr (12-15 Hz) activity without concurrent rise in theta (5-8 Hz) activity at electrode C4 in an eyes open resting state. Nexus-10 with Biotrace Software (MindMedia, NL)

  5. Design 3 Groups Assessment 1TrainingAssessment 2 1. a/t • Brain activity related to singing (fMRI). • Musical performance: • Video and pure audio recordings • mood and anxiety questionnaires • heart rate & SCL • Brain activity related to singing (fMRI) and feedback training. • Musical performance: • Video and pure audio recordings • mood and anxiety questionnaires • heart rate & SCL 10 Sessions á 15 minutes feedback training, 1-2 times the week. No training for the control group 2. smr 3. control Analysis of Data

  6. fMRI technique: • 1.5 Tesla whole body Scanner (Siemens Vision). • 66 whole head scans were performed (per block) with a Echo planar imaging (EPI); TE: 40 ms; TA: 3 sec, TR: 10 sec, • Sparse sampling allowed auditory control during singing and avoided movement artifacts. • Data were analyzed with SPM99 using conventional preprocessing and fixed effect group statistics (p<0.05; False Discovery Rate, FDR).

  7. The study is ongoing.... The data presented here are preliminary data representing fMRI pre-/post measurements in relation to neurofeedback training. 12 subjects selected: 4 a/t 4 smr 4 controls

  8. Alpha/theta ratio

  9. SMR/theta ratio

  10. fMRI task

  11. 1. caro mio ben 2. credimi almen 3. senza di te 4. languisce il cor 5. caro mio ben 6. credimi almen Jitter Jitter Jitter Jitter fMRI task Singing task (6 repetitions) Resting condition (6 repetitions) Rest Breathing only

  12. fMRI sparse sampling

  13. fMRI sparse sampling

  14. Results Postscan minus prescan (control group) • No differences:

  15. SMR Alpha/ theta FDR = 0.001 T= 4.40 FDR = 0.05 T= 4.04 Results fMRI Postscan minus prescan in training groups: • Differential effect for alpha/theta and smr group.

  16. Insula(mid section) Alpha/ Theta Traininga/t (post vs. pre) - minus - ctrl (post vs. pre) Activation in the right medial insula

  17. Alpha/ Theta Traininga/t (post vs. pre) - minus - ctrl (post vs. pre) Activation in the right medial insula Right temporal pole

  18. Alpha/ Theta Traininga/t (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Activation in the right medial insula Right temporal pole Left frontal inferior orbital cortex (BA47)

  19. Alpha/ Theta Traininga/t (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Activation in the right medial insula Right temporal pole Left frontal inferior orbital cortex (BA47) Pons/Medulla

  20. Alpha/ Theta Training The Insula plays a role in regulating physiological and psychological homeostasis (Flynn, Benson, & Ardila, 1999) and is considered being part of the emotional viscerosensory brain (Janig & Habler, 2002).

  21. Alpha/ Theta Training Temporal pole The right temporal pole is correlated with attending to one’s own emotional experience and seem to be involved in the imparting of emotional color to subjective experience (Lane, 2000). It seems important to consciously and willfully self-regulate emotional responses (Mesulam, 1985; Beauregard et al., 2001).

  22. Alpha/ Theta Training VLPFC (BA47): • Left BA47 is involved in semantic processing (Fiez, 1997) but also in the passive perception of emotional stimuli (visual: Blair et al., 1999; linguistic: Wildgruber et al., 2004). • Activation was found during recognition of expressive gestures (Gallagher & Frith, 2004) • Left BA47 might be important for the coding of the valence of emotional qualities (Lotze et al., 2006)

  23. Alpha/ Theta Training The Pons • Is involved in motor control and sensory analysis and is important for the level of consciousness and for sleep.

  24. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation: Somatosensory& Premotor areas (BA3/ 6)

  25. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation:Somatosensory & Premotor areas (BA3/ 6) Parietal superior (BA 5/ 40)

  26. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation:Somatosensory & Premotor areas (BA 3/ 6) Parietal superior (BA 5/ 40) Right frontal Inferior Operculum

  27. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation:Somatosensory & Premotor areas (BA 3/ 6) Parietal superior (BA 5/ 40) Right frontal Inferior Operculum Auditory belt area (BA 21 right)

  28. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation:Somatosensory & Premotor areas (BA 3/ 6) Parietal superior (BA 5/ 40) Right frontal Inferior Operculum Auditory belt area (BA 21 right, BA42 left)

  29. SMR Trainingsmr (post vs. pre) minuscontrol (post vs. pre) Increased sensorimotor, parietal and auditory activation:Somatosensory & Premotor areas (BA 3/ 6) Parietal superior (BA 5/ 40) Right frontal Inferior Operculum Auditory belt area (BA 21 right, BA42 left) Cerebellum

  30. SMR Training Increased activity was found in areas related to auditory and motor function: Areas related to motor function involved primary somatosensory (BA3) and premotor cortex (BA6), the operculum, the cerebellum and the posterior parietal cortex. The premotor cortex (PMC) is important for the concept, timing and ideation of the movement (Lotze et al., 2003) The cerebellum is preferentially involved in controlling complex movements with involvement of sensoric feedback and learned automatic movements (Thach et al., 1992)

  31. SMR Training The inferior frontal operculum belongs to the classical perisylvian language system (Jeffries et al., 2001) and is involved in phonological processing and in motor aspects connected with vocal production (Janata & Grafton, 2003; Stanberry, 2005). The superior parietal lobe is involved in the storage of movement kinematics (e.g., Seitz et al., 1997) and is closely connected with the posterior SMA and with the PMC (BA6) (Rizzolatti et al, 1998).

  32. SMR Training Areas related to auditory processing (right BA21 left BA 42) The right BA 21 is selectively involved in voice perception (Zatorre et al., 2000). Left sided auditory areas are usually dominant for the perception of temporal changes of an auditory signal (e.g. in speech, Schönwiesner et. al., 2005) but analytical listening strategies can also lead to left hemispheric auditory processing (Mazziotta et al., 1982)

  33. Conclusions Alpha/theta training may lead to an activation of brain areas that concentrate on emotion modulation. This supports the finding that alpha/theta training enhanced artistic expression in the performance of conservatory music students (Egner & Gruzelier, 2003).

  34. Conclusions In contrast, post-smr scans revealed increased somatosensory coupling as well as activity in the auditory belt area. This is interesting, since increased sensorimotor or mμ-rhythms are usually associated with reduced motor acticity. Previous studies have shown that activity in a 10-Hz mμ band correlated negatively with activity in the right postcentral gyrus and posterior parietal cortex (BA 5) (Ritter et al., 2003).

  35. Thank you!

  36. Niels Birbaumer Ralf Veit Martin Lotze Thanks to:

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