World History Unit 1 Human Origins

1. World History Unit 1Human Origins Mrs. Saunders, Mrs.Toland And Mr. SanGivanni

2. World history is the story of human experience. Our story begins during prehistory in east Africa where human life began. It is a story of how people, ideas, and goods spread across the earth creating our past and our present. To help us better understand this experience, we will divide history into four main eras: • prehistory, • ancient times, • middle ages, and • modern times.

3. Archaeologist • Pre-History is the time before writing. • Archaeologist study these early people by excavating early settlements (known as a Dig). • They look for: • Bones or human remains (to determine what people looked like), • Artifacts (man-made objects) and • Fossils (animal and plant matter that has been preserved in nature. • Archaeologist use Carbon-dating to tell the approximate age of a bone, artifact or fossil.

4. Anthropologists Anthropologist study the culture of early people to get a picture of how they lived. Culture is the way in which people live, including art, science, religion, government, etc.

5. Ice Ages – Asia, North America, and EuropeLast one ended about 10,000 years ago.

6. Ice Ages A map showing the Bering Strait land bridge. Archaeologists now believe that two different groups of Asian peoples came to North America at least 40,000 years ago. • Land Bridges formed from lower ocean levels and humans migrated across bridges • Europe to British Isles • Japan to Korea • Asia to Indonesia • Asia to North America (Bering Strait)

7. First Humans Came from Africa • Why were they nomadic? • (moving from place to place) • Need for food • Growth of Groups • Weather • Migration of animals • Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Paleolithic Age

8. Early Humans A trail of footprints 3 1/2 million years old found by Mary Leakey, archaeologist, at Laetoli, Tanzania. Some of the oldest hominid evidence found in Africa, these footprints show that human-like creatures were walking upright in East Africa 3 1/2 million years ago. • Hominids are the earliest humans (or human-like creatures) to walk upright. • Australopithecus (southern ape) was a hominid that lived 4 to 1 million years ago and lived in nomadicclans.

9. AUSTRALOPITHECINE • 4 million-1 million BC • South & East Africa • Brain Size: 500 cm3 • First humanlike creature to walk upright • Opposable thumb Paleolithic Age

10. Early Humans Oldest hominid found is “Lucy” discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson in East Africa. Early hominids had opposable thumbs.

11. Humans Overcome Their Environment • Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) • 2.5 B.C to 8000 B.C. • Nomadic • Simple tools (rocks or sticks) • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans • Developed oral language • Created cave art

12. Early Humans • Homo Habilis (Handy Man) lived 2.5 million year ago and used simple tools.

13. Homo Habilis • 2.5 million- 1.5 million BC • East Africa • Brain Size: 700 cm3 • First to make stone tools Paleolithic Age

14. Early Humans • Homo Erectus lived from 1.6 million to 250,000 years ago. These people were more than five feet tall and probably had oral (spoken) languages for exchanging ideas (teaching) and team work. • They used fire for warmth, cooking, protection and hunting. • They used tools for cutting, digging and scraping. • They used skins for clothing and leather strips for lacing.

15. Homo Erectus • 1.6 million-30,000 BC • Africa, Asia, Europe • Brain Size: 1,000cm3 • Developed technology, such as applying tools to meet their needs • First to migrate • First to use fire • May have used language 1.6 million-30,000 BC Africa, Asia, Europe Brain Size: 1,000cm3 Developed technology, such as applying tools to meet their needs First to migrate First to use fire May have used language Paleolithic Age

16. Early Humans • Homo Sapiens (Wise Man) emerges in Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago in North Africa. • Neanderthals lived from 100,000 to 35,000 years ago and their burial remains indicate a belief in an afterlife (grave with flowers) and medical care of sick (mended broken bones). They were short and stocky with thick brows.

17. NEANDERTHAL • 200,000-30,000 BC • Europe and SW Asia • Brain Size: 1,450 cm3 • First to have burial rites • Religious beliefs Paleolithic Age

18. Early Humans • Cro-Magnon Man lived from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, in the late Paleolithic age, and was similar to modern humans. They were taller and thinner than Neanderthals. Cro-Magnon man used superior hunting strategies and had advanced language skills. (Our Ancestors!)

19. CRO-MAGNON • 40,000-8,000 BC • Europe • Brain Size: 1,400 cm3 • Fully modern humans • Created art • Planned hunts and studied animal habits • Advanced language Paleolithic Age

21. The reconstructed skulls of three prehistoric humans. From left to right: Homo Erectus, Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon. Early Humans

22. Skull Size Australopithecine Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens COMPARISON OF BRAIN SIZE

23. Human Migration From Africa humans spread to Eurasia (Europe and Asia), to Australia, and finally to the Americas. Human migration was one of the great waves of history.

24. How does the map show human migration? • What theory of the origin of humanity does the map present? How do you know? • In general, what does the map suggest that populations did when they reached barriers, such as oceans, that did not allow them to continue in the direction they were going?

25. PRE-HISTORY STONE AGE Paleolithic or Old Stone Age Includes Ice Age Hunters & Gathers • Migrated in search of food, water, and shelter • Invented the first tools and simple weapons • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans and created cave art • Developed oral language Neolithic or New Stone Age Neo means new

26. Early Human societies, through the development of culture, began the process of overcoming the limits set by the physical environment.

27. Neolithic Era During most of history, most humans made their living by hunting and gathering (women mostly gathered). By the end of this time period, Cro-Magnon man had developed art (Jewelry, sculptures, and cave paintings) and complex tools. Some complex tools used were knives, throwing spears, fish hooks, harpoons and sewing needle. Because of improved tools, Cro-Magnon man had improved health and increased food supply, both of which led to increased population.

29. Neolithic Revolution Then about 10,000 years ago people in the Middle East learned how to raise a wild wheat plant, and agriculture (farming and raising livestock) was born -- another big wave of history. Some of the causes of the Neolithic Revolution, or the start of settled agriculture, are a warmer climate and longer growing season. The result is the development of permanent settlements or communities.

30. The NeolithicRevolution • Early man lived in groups of 2 to 3 dozen people. • Men did the hunting. • Women gathered fruit, berries, roots, and grasses. • The scattering of seeds, about 10,000 years ago, led to the Neolithic Revolution, in other words, agriculture. • At first they used slash and burn farming-people cut and burn trees to clear land. Ashes act as fertilizer. The did not stay in one place for a long time, but moved on after a few seasons.

31. Domestication of Plants and Animals At about the same time, people began to domesticate wild animals, raising them for food and as a source of power that could pull wagons and plows. The dog was the first animal tamed, followed by the goat, horse and pig. (Pastoral Nomad – wandering herders of goats and sheep.)

32. Agricultural originally developed in Africa, China, India, Mesopotamia and Americas (Central and South).

33. Neolithic Revolution Agriculture and irrigation began in an area of the Middle East called the Fertile Crescent that stretched from Iraq to Egypt. Agriculture is believed to have been started 9000 years ago in Jarmo, an archeological site in the Zargros mountains in North East Iraq.

34. Neolithic Revolution In the agricultural village of CatalHuyuk(Catalhoyuk)in south central Turkey there is evidence of crops (wheat, barley and peas) and animals (sheep and cattle). The people of CatalHuyuk believed in a Mother Goddess who controlled crop yields. With permanent homes, people could collect more possessions, which encouraged the invention of new technologies such as pottery making and looms for weaving cloth.

35. CATAL HUYUK EXCAVATION

37. CATAL HUYUK EXCAVATION CatalHuyuk is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia- Modern day Turkey

39. Agricultural Surplus Because agriculture could support more people per square mile than hunting and gathering, human population increased from about two million people during the early Stone Age to about 60 million during the late Stone Age. Farmers learned to grow more food than they needed for their own use, resulting in a surplus. Farmers increased food production through irrigation which allowed for the cultivation of more land and technology such as the plow and potters wheel.

42. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES • PLOW • WHEEL • BRONZE WEAPONS & TOOLS

43. Technology Any improvement in farming technology will always lead to: • Improved health • Increased population • Increased food surplus • Increased trade

44. Specialization of Labor This food surplus will lead to the development of cities and civilization. Agricultural surpluses made it possible to accumulate wealth, and that led tospecialization of labor because not everyone had to raise food to make a living. Some people could specialize in non-agricultural work – (craftsmen or artisans) like making pottery, or becoming priests or government officials -- and be supported by others from the agricultural surplus. Traders also emerged and with them came the inventions of the wheel and the sail.

45. NEOLITHIC ERA Transition to Villages Growing population resulted in competition for food.

46. NEOLITHIC ERA Transition to villages Economic Changes-Irrigation and other developments produced crop surplus.

47. Transition to villages Social Changes-cooperation was needed for projects Social classes began to emerge Religion became more organized NEOLITHIC ERA

48. Jericho (JAIR-uh-koe) Villages grew near farmlands, and the world’s first known city developed at Jericho in Palestine around 8,000 BC. Walls were built around Jericho to protect its agricultural surplus from nomadic raiders. Warfare, too, might have begun at Jericho.

49. Jericho

50. Aleppo Aleppo is a city located in northern Syria. It is strategically located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphrates River- in the Fertile Crescent