ISLAM

1. ISLAM

2. The Arabs • After the domestication of the camel, the trade routes of the Arabs expanded. Communities prospered, but tension among the rich and poor increased • Arabs were nomadic people who lived on the Arabian Peninsula • They were farmers and herded animals • Desert dwellers known as bedouin • For survival, Arabic tribes organized to help one another • Each tribe was ruled by sheikh

3. After the camel was domesticated, Arabs were able to expand the caravan trade into more of the desert • Most Arabs were polytheistic but believed in a supreme god called Allah • Makkah (Mecca) was an important city to the Arabs for religious and social purposes

4. The Life of Muhammad The revelations of Muhammad led to the creation of the Islamic religion • Muhammad was married to a rich widow named Khadija • Muhammad was disturbed by growing gap between the honesty of most Makkans and the greediness of the trading elites

5. While meditating in the hills, he received revelations from the angel Gabriel • He was told to go forth and “recite” • These messages were eventually written down in the holy book of Islam, the Quran • Studied by those who practice Islam • The word Islam means “peace through submission to the will of Allah.” • Those who practice the religion of Islam are called Muslims

6. Cave where Muhammad received messages from Gabriel

7. In 622 Muhammad and his followers traveled from Makkah to Yathrib • Muhammad and his followers were persecuted in Makkah • This journey is known as the Hijrah • City was renamed Madinah • City of the Prophet • The people of Madinah and the bedouin became the first communities to convert to Islam

9. Muhammad and his army returned to Makkah and converted the people to Islam • Makkah is the home of the Kaaba • Built on the site where Abraham and his son built a temple • Houses a sacred black stone

10. Mecca in 1910

11. Mecca Present-day

12. The Teachings of Muhammad Islam, like Christianity and Judaism, is a monotheistic religion. Islam is also both a set of religious beliefs and a whole way of life • Islam is a monotheistic religion and offers the hope of an afterlife to all who follow the Five Pillars of Islam

13. Five Pillars of Islam: • Belief–There is no deity but the One God and Muhammad is his messenger. • Prayer–Muslims pray five times a day • Charity–They give part of their wealth to the poor • Fasting–During Ramadan, Muslims fast from food and drink from dawn to sunset. • Pilgrimage–Believers make a pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in their lifetime

14. After Muhammad’s death, Muslim scholars compiled the Hadith • The Hadith is a recollection of Muhammad’s sayings as well as stories of things he did • From the Hadith the Shari’ahemerged to regulate the daily life of Muslims • Became the Islamic lawcode

15. Creation of an Arab Empire Islam grew under the rule of Muhammad’s successors, but there was constant tension over choosing who should rule the empire • Muhammad was the accepted political and religious leader of the Islamic world

16. Following his death, the lack of a named successor or a male heir created problems of succession • Muhammad had daughters, but in a male-oriented society they would not be accepted as leaders • Muhammad’s father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was named Muhammad’s successor • He was the first caliph • He had traveled with Muhammad and was his chief advisor

17. In 632 AbūBakr was named caliph. • Under AbūBakr’s leadership, the Islamic Empire expanded • The Quran permitted jihad, which was the justification for expansion • struggle in the way of God • Syria was a Byzantine province conquered by Arabs

18. The Arab army was led by brilliant generals and courageous soldiers who were bolstered by the belief that Muslim warriors were guaranteed a place in heaven if they died in battle • The Arab conquerors were tolerant of the peoples in the empire. Conversion to Islam was not required of the people

20. The Umayyad Under the rule of the Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic Empire made many conquests, but there were internal struggles that led to a division of the community • The two caliphs following AbūBakr were assassinated • In 656 Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, became caliph • He too would be assassinated after five years of rule • In 661 the governor of Syria, General Mu’awiyah became caliph.

21. He was known for using force only when necessary • Mu′āwiyah made the office of caliph hereditary for his family • He established the Umayyaddynasty and moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus in Syria • The Arab Empire under Umayyad leadership extended its boundaries into Asia Minor and Europe • In 732 the Arab forces were defeated at the BattleofTours, ending the expansion into Europe • The Umayyad dynasty had gained wealth from its large empire and was influenced by the different cultures of the Persians and Byzantines

22. A revolt in 680 led to a split in Islam that exists today • Hussein the son of Ali, led a rebellion against Umayyad rule and was defeated • Islam was split into two groups • The Shia Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam. • Sunni Muslims accepted the Umayyad as the rulers of Islam

23. The Abbasid Dynasty Under the Abbasid dynasty, Islam experienced prosperity and a new cultural outlook • Non-Arabs resented the increasingly corrupt government of the Umayyad rule. • In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up the Abbasid dynasty • The Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad on the Tigris River • Persian influence encouraged a new cultural outlook, • Judges, merchants, and government officials replaced warriors as the ideal citizens

24. The golden age of the Abbasid caliphate occurred with the rule of Harun al-Rashid • The bureaucracy of the government became more complex, and a vizier advised the caliph • Financial and political corruption weakened the empire though and the provinces of the empire began to break away • Independent dynasties emerged in Egypt, Spain, and Morocco

26. Seljuk Turks and the Crusades Political turmoil disrupted Southwest Asia after the Seljuk Turks became a powerful military force • In Egypt, the Fatimid dynasty grew strong from trade and created a strong army of non-native soldiers • One of these groups was the SeljukTurks • The Seljuk Turks were a nomadic people from Asia who had distinguished themselves in battle • In 1055, a Turkish commander captured Baghdad and proclaimed himself sultan

27. In 1071, the Byzantine Empire attacked the Turks at Manzikert in modern-day Turkey • The Byzantines were easily defeated and looked to Rome for help • Pope Urban II rallied the French and others to “rescue” Jerusalem from the hands of the Saracens

28. In 1096 the first crusades began to retake Muslim areas • Jerusalem was taken in 1099 • Other areas were captured by the Christians and the Kingdom of Jerusalem was created • Christian forces were expelled from Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 • The capital of the Kingdom was moved several times • The Kingdom of Jerusalem fell with the capture of Acre in 1291

29. Saladin after victory at Hattin

30. The Mongols The violent invasion of the Mongols destroyed the old Islamic Empire established by the Arabs and created a new center of Islamic civilization in Cairo, Egypt • The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding people who lived in the gobiregion of Asia • These nomadic warriors were destructive and attempted to create terror to prevent people from fighting back • Led by leaders such as Ghengis Khan and Kublai Khan, the Mongols an empire that stretched from the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea

31. Mongol warriors were fierce and excellent archers on horseback

32. The Mongols captured Persia and Mesopotamia, ending the Abbasid dynasty • The Mongols destroyed schools, libraries, mosques, and palaces • Over time, the Mongols settled in the conquered areas and converted to Islam • The new center of Islamic civilization became Cairo, in Egypt

33. Islamic Civilization Growing trade and favorable geography allowed both urban and rural areas to flourish during the period of the Arab Empire • The Arab Empire was prosperous due to its trading system • Extensive trade was carried out within the empire • Extended from Morocco in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east • Trade was established between China, India and Byzantine Empire

35. Cities such as Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus were commercial and cultural centers in the Arab Empire • Baghdad was the capital for the Abbasids • Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad, then was moved to Cordoba • Cairo was the capital for the Fatimid • The Fatimid made Cairo one the greatest cities in the empire and in the world

36. Islamic cities, such the capital of Umayyad Spain, Córdoba, had a distinct physical appearance • Mosques and political buildings were built to be impressive • Public buildings and bazaars were an important part of Muslim cities • Bazaars were sometimes covered markets • Even though the Arab Empire was more urbanized than other areas, most of the people still made their living by farming

41. Islamic Society According to Islamic teaching, all groups are equal under the eyes of Allah. However, this was not strictly the case in the Arab Empire • Allah’s teachings were compiled in the Quran to teach Muslims how to live their lives • One facet of Islam is that all people are created equal • Slaves were not treated equally though • Muslims could not be slaves, so most of their slaves came from Africa or Asia

42. Women were granted spiritual and political equality with men, but some of the rights they possessed were eroded by older customs • Women could inherit and own property and petition for divorce • Arab and other traditions dictated that women wear cover, like scarves and burke and is not required in the Quran • Women had male guardians

43. Men could marry more than one wife, but few could afford the dowry to more than one bride • A dowry is a gift of money or property exchanged for a bride • Gambling and drinking were not permitted

44. Islamic Culture Islamic advancements in philosophy, science, and history contributed to the world’s knowledge • The preservation of scholarly works was aided by paper • Introduced from China in the eighth century • Muslim scholars translated the works of Aristotle and the Greek philosophers into Arabic • Works were compiled and studied in libraries • The House of Wisdom was a library in Baghdad

45. The Muslim philosopher Ibn-Rushd studied and wrote a commentary on virtually all of Aristotle’s literary works • In mathematics, Muslims adopted and passed on the numerical system of India, including the use of zero • The mathematical discipline of algebra was also developed by Muslims

46. Muslims perfected the astrolabe, an instrument used for navigation • The astrolabe allowed Europeans to sail to the Americas • IbnSīnā wrote a medical encyclopedia • Became the basic medical textbook for European students during medieval times. • Ibn-Khaldūn was a prominent historian who wrote about the cyclical life of civilizations in Muqaddimah (Introduction to History).

47. Literature The Rubaiyat and The 1001 Nights are two major early Islamic works of literature that are still enjoyed today • Islamic literature influenced the culture of Southwest Asia • The Rubaiyat, written by Omar Khayyám, is one of the most familiar books of Middle Eastern literature. • The anonymous stories of The Arabian Nights also called The 1001 Nights are a collection of folktales, fables, and romances that blend the natural with the supernatural

49. Art and Architecture Muslim art and architecture reflect the spiritual glory of Islam • The Great Mosque of Sāmarrā′ was the world’s largest mosque when it was built • It is famous for its tower, called a minaret, which enabled the muezzin to ascend an outside spiral staircase to call the faithful to prayer daily.

50. Great Mosque of Samarra