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Eating Disorders (EDs). Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Refusal to maintain 85% of ideal body weight Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat Disturbed perception of the shape or size of the body Denial of the seriousness of the problem Amenorrhea—3 months without period. Subtypes of AN.
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Anorexia Nervosa (AN) • Refusal to maintain 85% of ideal body weight • Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat • Disturbed perception of the shape or size of the body • Denial of the seriousness of the problem • Amenorrhea—3 months without period
Subtypes of AN • Restricting • Lose weight primarily through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise • Binge-eating/Purging • Person regularly engages in binge eating or purging • Purging is self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
Bulimia Nerovsa (BN) • Recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating a large amount of food given the context with an associated sense of loss of control) • Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior (purging, fasting, excessive, exercise) • Binge eating and compensatory behavior occur at least 2 times per week • Clients are usually normal body weight or overweight
Subtypes of BN • Purging type • Person regularly engages in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas • Non-purging type • Person regularly engages in other inappropriate compensatory behavior—fasting or excessive exercise
Who’s at Risk for AN and BN? • Adolescents • Athletes • Appearance focused professionals
Demographic Factors • Females comprise 95% of those with EDs • Onset of AN ranges from pre-puberty to the 30s, but generally occurs between 12-18 • Onset of BN typically begins during late adolescence or early adulthood
Statistical Data • 10-18% mortality rate • Highest mortality rate of any of the psychiatric disorders • Death most frequently occurs by starvation, electrolyte disturbances, or suicide • People who have had the disease greater than 20 years have a 20-25% increased mortality rate • Long term data—no more than 50% recover completely
Statistical Data (cont) • Prevalence rates of 0.5-1% among females in late adolescence and early adulthood who meet full criteria for AN • 1-3% with BN
Psychological Factors • Low self-esteem • Perfectionism and unrealistically high standards • Difficulties in self-soothing and mood modulation
Biological Factors • 8 times the risk if family member has ED • 50% concordance in monozygotic twins, 15% for dizygotic • A family history of mood or anxiety disorders or OCD increases the risk of EDs
Biological Factors • Many neurochemical changes occur with EDs • Low NE levels are seen in clients during periods of restricted intake • High levels of 5-HT and its precursor tryptophan have been linked to satiety • Low levels of 5-HT have been found in clients with BN and the binge-purge subtype of AN
Family Factors • AN • Family is rigid about values and rules • Overprotective • Unable to deal with conflict • BN • Family is chaotic with loose boundaries • Perceived as less caring • Unrealistic expectations for achievement • Parental concerns with weight
Sociocultural Factors • Cultural ideal of being thin • Media focus on beauty, thinness, and fitness • Chronic dieting, particularly among young women
Comorbid Illnesses • AN • Depression • Dysthymia • OCD/OCPD • Anxiety Disorders • Avoidant PD
Comorbid Illnesses • BN • Depression • Dysthymia • Substance abuse • BAD • BPD • Avoidant PD
Dermatologic Complications • Dry skin • Lanugo-like hair • Alopecia • Brittle nails • Pale skin • Cyanosis
Cardiac Complications • Low heat rate—30-40s common • Low BP • Decrease in heart size • CHF—biggest risk factor for death • MI • Arrhythmias • Death
Respiratory Complications • Decrease in the number of breaths per minute • Decrease in respiratory muscle tone
Gastrointestinal Complications • Delayed gastric emptying • Bloating • Constipation • Abdominal pain • Gas • Diarrhea
Musculoskeletal Complications • Loss of muscle mass • Loss of fat • Osteoporosis • Pathologic fractures
Hematologic Complications • Leukopenia • Anemia • Thrombocytopenia • Hypercholesterolemia • Hypercarotonemia
Neuropsychiatric Complications • Abnormal taste sensation • Apathetic depression • Mild organic mental sx • Sleep disturbances
Metabolic Complications • Electrolyte abnormalities • Particularly hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia • Elevated BUN
GI Complications • Salivary gland enlargement • Pancreatic inflammation with elevated serum amylase • Esophageal irritation • Gastric erosion
Dental Complications • Erosion of dental enamel
Neuropsychiatric Complications • Seizures • Mild neuropathies • Fatigue • Weakness • Mild organic mental sx
Labs • Routine labs include: • CBC • Electrolytes • Serum glucose levels
Labs (cont) • RBCs—low • Hgb and Hct elevated due to hemoconcentration • WBCs—low • Na, K, Cl—low in purging, diuretic, or laxative use • Serum glucose—low
Rx • Cognitive behavioral therapy • Pharmacologic therapy
CBT • Use strategies designed to change the client’s thinking (cognition) and actions (behaviors) about food • Focus on: • Interrupting the cycle of dieting, binging, and purging • Altering dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs about food, weight, and body image
Pharmacology • SSRIs have shown success with weight maintenance and treatment resistant AN • Prozac and Celexa • Zyprexa—being researched to treat low weight and rx resistant individuals with high levels of anxiety • May need meds to treat co-morbid illness • WB--contraindicated
Refeeding • Calorie calculation • 25-35 kcl x current weight • Increase calories by 200-300 kcl every 2-3 days (1-2 lb gain/week) • Fluid intake of at least 1500cc/day • Daily weights
Refeeding Syndrome • Greatest risk of cardiac complication is within the 1st two weeks of refeeding • The myocardium is less able to withstand the stress of increased metabolic demands because left ventricular mass and contractility have been reduced • Hypophosphatemia—causes decreased cardiac stroke volume • Electrolyte abnormalities
Recovery • Long-term study of AN • 50% fully recovered • 25% had intermediate outcomes • 10% still met criteria for AN • 15% had died of causes r/t AN • Best indicator for recovery is return of menses
Recovery • 50 % recover fully • 20% continue to meet criteria for BN • 30% have episodic bouts • Death rate with BN is estimated to be 0-3%