Periods of History B.C. B.C.E. C.E. A.D. Broad periods Prehistory Ancient history Middle Ages

1. Periods of History B.C. B.C.E. C.E. A.D. Broad periods Prehistory Ancient history Middle Ages Modern history Get out your study guide for the exam.

2. Broad periods of history Prehistory time before written language Ancient history roughly 4000 years between written language and the fall of Roman Empire Middle Ages 500 AD – 1500 Modern history 1500 to present Paleolithic age Neolithic age

3. Cultural elements: What is present in every culture Shelter Food/Clothing Economics Government Religion Art Family / society

4. Characteristics of the Paleolithic / Old Stone Age Yes or No? fire spoken language written language clothing

5. Life in Paleolithic times: How did they get their food? Hunting and gathering Nomadic people What started the Neolithic Age? Neolithic revolution: Farming and domestication of animals People settled in villages.

6. Effects of Neolithic Revolution Permanent homes Villages Agricultural surplus Trade Specialization of labor

7. Cultural civilization Shelter cities Food agricultural surplus Government organized government Religion complex religion Economics writing specialization of labor Art monumental architecture Family, society social classes

8. What is significant about the river valleys? Floods > fertile soil Water for irrigation > agricultural surplus Means of transportation > trade Opportunities for jobs > specialization of labor Significance of agricultural surplus: Bigger population More time Ability to stay in one place

9. Why did governments first develop? Protect food supplies Food to people in cities Organize workers for big projects

10. Mesopotamia How did geography affect civilization? Tigris and Euphrates Unpredictable floods open plains; not many mountains Fertile Crescent Cuneiform first form written language used to keep records

11. Hammurabi’s code Characteristics written down reflect what was right and wrong spells out crime and punishment judges could not change the laws different punishments for different classes of people

12. Mesopotamia religion/architecture legacies wheel, plow, language sailboat, written law codes

13. Egypt Gift of the Nile? (24) How did Nile protect and make civilization in Egypt possible? (25) How did geography make civilization possible? (31) Papyrus Pyramids Mummification why was embalming beneficial?

14. China

15. Who? What? Why? King Tut Hatshepsut Rosetta Stone

16. Indus Valley Also known as Harrapan Monsoons Seasonal winds – helped farming

17. Add to the list of key terms: primary source – object/person from a specific time period secondary source – source of info based on primary sourcesirrigation – to bring water to crops Artisan – skilled worker; skilled with hands Hereditary – given from one generation to another Scribe – someone who reads and writes Artifact – an object that provides information Specialization – very skilled in one job or trade Polytheistic – belief in many gods Monotheistic – belief in one god Surplus – more than enough

18. Ancient China How did geography positively affect the Chinese civilization? Mountains kept out invaders – stable, isolated Negative effect – limited farmland; terraces necessary Of four social classes, which is poorest? farmers Of four social classes, which is least respected? merchants

19. What did govt workers need to know during the Han dynasty? Why? What was the Silk Road?

20. Mandate of Heaven Confucianism Daoism Legalism Civil service exams Filial piety Silk Road Great Wall Terra Cotta Soldiers

21. Ancient Greece How did geography affect the civilization of Greece isolated city states; not a central gov’t conflicts over farmland trade by sea; expand with colonies Why did Greece not develop a strong central govt?

22. Polis – the Greek word for city Dark Age – no culture, literature, agri surplus, trade Political involvement: who was a citizen? who had political rights? (vote) Famous Greeks Socrates – socratic method/questions Hippocrates – “father of medicine” Pythagorus, Euclid – math concepts Aristotle – great teacher; classified knowledge

23. What are differences among monarachy oligarchy tyranny democracy Difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

24. Pelopponesian War between Athens and Sparta Alexander the Great? Macedonian king; conquered huge empire Pelopponesian war weakened Greece so Alexander could take Greece

25. Roman civilization 2 social classes? Characteristics? Patricians – upper class/wealthy Plebeians – common people Both had the right to vote, pay taxes Plebeians could not hold office marry patricians

26. 12 Tables Law written on 12 plaques All could read Applied to all Basis for American law Tripartite Govt consuls, senate, assembly

27. Consuls - lead govt, lead army Senate –make laws, decisions on money Assembly – watch out for rights of commoners Punic wars – Rome vs. ____________ Result – domination of western Mediterranean Julius Caesar = great consul reforms to help the poor Octavian = Augustus Caesar = first emperor

28. Romans were builders. practical problem solvers Inventions – aqueduct vault dome concrete Reasons for the rise of the empire Reasons for the fall Last emperor thrown off throne – 476 A.D.