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Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear ≠ Nucluar. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes. Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus Protons and neutrons are rearranged Releases a tremendous amount of energy– called binding energy

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Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear ≠ Nucluar

  2. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes • Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus • Protons and neutrons are rearranged • Releases a tremendous amount of energy– called binding energy • “Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons

  3. Types of Radiation • Alpha (ά) – a helium isotope • Beta (β) – an electron • Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle

  4. Penetrating Ability

  5. Other Types of Particles • Neutron • Proton • Elements will correspond to their bottom number/number of protons • Eg:

  6. or alpha particle - 212Po 4He + AX 2 Z 84 212Po 4He + 208Pb 2 82 84 4a 4He 2 2 212Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po. 212 = 4 + A A = 208 84 = 2 + Z Z = 82 23.1

  7. 14C 14N + 0b 6 7 -1 40K 40Ca + 0b 19 20 -1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Beta decay Decrease # of neutrons by 1 Increase # of protons by 1 23.2

  8. 55Fe + 0e 55Mn + n 26 25 -1 1p + 0e 1n + n 1 0 -1 212Po 4He + 208Pb 2 82 84 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Increase # of neutrons by 1 Decrease # of protons by 1 Alpha decay Decrease # of neutrons by 2 Decrease # of protons by 2

  9. Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10B + 4He ? + 1n 5 2 0

  10. Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10B + 4He 13N + 1n 5 2 7 0

  11. Write Nuclear Equations! Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60. 60Co0e +??27 -1 ?

  12. Half-Life • HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose.

  13. Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of 15O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?

  14. Sample question • How much U-238 is left over if a 100 gram sample undergoes 8 half lives?

  15. Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?

  16. Last learning check • What fraction of an unknown mass of Iodine, which has a half life of 8 hours, would you expect to be left after 72 hours?

  17. Nuclear Fission • Larger and unstable nuclei being bombarded with particles and breaking into smaller nuclei and releasing energy at the same time.

  18. Mass Defect • Some of the mass can be converted into energy • Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc2 Energy Mass Speed of light

  19. Nuclear Fusion Fusion Small nuclei combine to make larger nuclei and release TONS of energy 2H + 3H 4He + 1n + Energy 1 1 2 0

  20. Nuclear Fusion Fusion • Excessive heat can not be contained • Attempts at “cold” fusion have FAILED. • “Hot” fusion is difficult to contain

  21. Summarize what you’ve learned

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