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Distributed Resources. Electric Transmission and Distribution future R&D FSU Center for Advanced Power Systems Tallahassee, Fl 2 February 2006 Bob Lasseter University-of-Wisconsin-Madison. DR application to T & D. T & D Realities:
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Distributed Resources Electric Transmission and Distribution future R&D FSU Center for Advanced Power Systems Tallahassee, Fl 2 February 2006 Bob Lasseter University-of-Wisconsin-Madison
DR application to T & D T & D Realities: Provide for load grow with enhanced reliability and minimal growth of the transmission system Effective use of DR. High penetration of wind and photovoltaic systems DR can isolate the T&D system from problems of high penetration of intermittent sources. Increase efficiencies and reduced emissions (35%>90%).. Promote the placing of CHPs units close to heat loads Enhance local reliability & power quality Smooth intentional islanding and re-closer of DR with loads.
Key Features of the CERTS Microgrid Local reliability It is important to take a system approach by clustering DG and loads together. This provides for a single interface to the power system, reducing interface cost and allows for smooth transitions between islanded and parallel operation providing for a high level of local reliability. Use local information for fast controls To enhance reliability it is also important not to relying on fast/complex centralized controls. The more robust approach is to follow the experience learned from the power system which relies on local information to control the fast response of the generators and to activate protection.
Key Features of the CERTS Microgrid Plug and play model The CERTS Microgrid concept is driven by modular concepts. Each source and disconnect switch must have plug-and-play functionality. Plug-and-play implies that a unit can be placed at any point on the electrical system without re-engineering the controls. For example near the heat loads thereby allowing more effective use of waste heat without complex heat distribution systems such as steam and chilled water pipe. Peer-to-peer source model The peer-to-peer concept insures that there are no components, such as a master controller or central storage unit that is critical for operation of the microgrid. This implies that the microgrid can continue operating with loss of any component or generator. With one additional source (N+1) we can insure complete functionality with the loss of any source.
The CERTS Microgrid The CERTS Microgrid concept is implemented using two fundamental Components: SmartSource A SmartSource which provides plug-and-play functionality without relying on communication. A SmartSwitch which provides a single interface to power system which allows smooth transition between islanded and parallel operation. SmartSwitch
The CERTS SmartSource • Local information to: • Power Balance (Power vs. Frequency droop) • Voltage stabilization (Voltage vs. Reactive Power droop) • Local zone protection
SmartSources SmartSwitch The CERTS SmartSwitch • Local information • Fault protection • Intentional islanding • IEEE 1547 events • Power quality trips • Automatic re-closer
CERTS Microgrid Test Bed Team American Electric Power:Provides test site & conduct system tests Tecogen: Provides Inverter based ICE generators Youtility/Semikron: Modifies Tecogen’s inverters with CERTS controls S&C Electric Co: Provide the static switch Northern Power Systems: Design the test system and modify the static switch University of Wisconsin-Madison: Technical lead and microgrid prototype LBNL and SNL: Technical and management support
CERTS Microgrid Test Site CERTS microgrid test bedstatus Start testing this spring. DOE Microgrid project (starts this spring) Value and technology assessments to enhance the business case for the CERTS MicrogridContinue to use the test site to achieve a more mature system using DER.
Expanded Microgrid Concepts T & D Realities: Provide for load grow with enhanced reliability & minimal growth of the transmission system DR can reduce the the daily and seasonal changes of load demand on the T&D system using storage and DG. This can smooth the T&D power demands swings. High penetration of wind and photovoltaic systems DR can isolate the T&D system from problems of high penetration of intermittent sources.
Intermittent sources Feeder Power flow SS µgrid ICE Generation Storage Controller DG&S unit SS Controller SS SS µgrid SS Expanded Microgrid • SmartSwitches allows for intentional islanding and automatic restoration of the feeders. • Distributed generation & storage unit provides for load power needs when segments are islanded and help smooth the T&D power demands swings when connected to the substation
SS Distributed Generation and Storage • Works as a single unit using local information. Controller • Storage is charging during low load periods and discharging during peak loads • Storage or generation can track loads during peak periods. The other provides base power to supplement power from the grid. • Also provides energy when feeders are isolate from the T&D system.
Key elements for mature use DR Enhance T&D and local reliability System approach to DR Enable plug-and-play functionality Promote Peer-to-peer model (no master element) Use local information for control (avoid fast/complex central controls)
