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The Renaissance. A period from the early 1300’s to roughly 1600 when there was a renewed interest in history literature and art. Renaissance = “Rebirth” Renewed study of ancient Greece and Rome Europe’s economic recovery. Origins.
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The Renaissance A period from the early 1300’s to roughly 1600 when there was a renewed interest in history literature and art. Renaissance = “Rebirth” Renewed study of ancient Greece and Rome Europe’s economic recovery
Origins • The period coincided with the decline of medieval European civilization. • It was both a political and economic movement as well as a cultural and artistic one. • The Renaissance was a period of commercial, financial, political, and cultural awakening, first in Italy and then in northern Europe. • The northern Italian cities led a commercial renewal; especially cities such as Venice, Genoa, and Milan.
Renaissance: was it truly aRebirth? • Some have see it as the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. • While a more modern assessment views this period as a gradual but significant change in cultural and intellectual ideas and trends
Impact of the Crusades • It was during the Crusades that Europeans discovered… • 1. The Islamic world was far more advanced than Europe - This stimulated the study of science. • 2. Constantinople housed classical literature - This stimulated the study of art and literature. • From 1300 on, Europe experienced a revival of learning.
Italy was the site of the Old Roman Empire
Rome was the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, a unifier in Europe
Italians had contact with Byzantine civilization where Greek and Roman ideas were preserved by scholars These scholars fled to Italy once the Ottomans took Constantinople
Italian scholars developed an interest in classic Greek and Roman literature - looked to classical literature as a guide for living; saw Greek polis and republican Rome as models for their lifestyle Renaissance Italians saw the Middle Ages as a period mired in ignorance
Italy was the departure site for the Crusades and was closest to African and Asian markets, exposing Italians to new ideas and advances in medicine and science – Trade dominates its economy
Italian cities were home to many wealthy, educated merchants who became patrons of artists
The Crusades brought about a revival of trade in Europe. Crusaders brought home silk and spices from the Near East (Jerusalem) and the Far East (China). Europeans demanded more foreign goods, especially silk and spices. International trade fairs were held in towns and people began to use money.
The Renaissance in Italy • Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance. • It was a city in Italy that had 100,000 people and a republican government. (Republic = no king.) • Wealthy merchant families were the ruling class; they ran the politics and economics of the city. • They hired Renaissance architects to build palaces and artists to fill them with paintings and sculpture. • Venice and its ruling families also helped financed the Renaissance.
Florence: A republic of wealthy merchants. • The Medici family ruled Florence. • They ruled Florence beginning in 1430 and ruled it for 300 years. • They were the biggest bankers in Europe. • Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) was the famous Medici who sponsored artists and writers. • Catherine de Medici was Queen of France. As a patron of the arts, she built the Louvre.
Renaissance Florence Florentine lion:symbol of St. Mark The Wool Factoryby Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 1252 – first gold florins minted
Lorenzo the Magnificent Cosimo de Medici 1478 - 1521 1517 - 1574
Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel The Medici Palace
Filippo Brunelleschi • Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. • Used unique architectural concepts. • He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome. • Used ribs for support.
Dome Comparisons Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
The Renaissance constituted many intellectual landmarks • Petrarch viewed the fourteenth century as a positive break from the so-called 'Dark Ages," a period celebrating the return to the culture of ancient Rome. • Individualism was one of the hallmarks of the Renaissance.
4 aspects of artistic values of the Renaissance
Art serves as a reflection of the time andalso as an agent of social commentary 1. Celebration of the individual – INDIVIDUALISM; each has unique value, work at self-improvement 2. Movement towards secular themes 3. Love for classical learning 4. Enjoyment of worldly pleasures
Emphasis on Individualism • Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino • Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
Medieval vs. Renaissance Art Medieval • Religious themes only • Use of flat, 2 dimensions • Heavenly backgrounds Renaissance • Religious and Human themes • Use of perspective and 3 dimensions • Earthly backgrounds • Praises the human form
Renaissance Art Can you name 4 Renaissance artists? *Leonardo *Raphael *Donatello *Michelangelo
What is humanism? A balance between reason and faith. One humanist wrote, “To each species of creature has been allotted a peculiar and instinctive gift. To horses galloping, to birds flying, comes naturally. To man only is given the desire to learn.” HUMANISM
The Renaissance Man • Leonardo da Vinci • Leonardo was truly a “Renaissance Man,” skilled in many fields. • He was a scientist and an inventor as well as an artist. • He made notes and drawings of everything he saw. • Leonardo invented clever machines, and even designed imitation wings that he hoped would let a person fly like a bird.
The Renaissance “Man” • Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. • Deep knowledge/skill in one area. • Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. • The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512 • Artist • Sculptor • Architect • Scientist • Engineer • Inventor 1452 - 1519
Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his Notebook • An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.
Michelangelo • Michelangelo Buonarroti of Florence was one of the greatest artists of all time. • Like Leonardo, Michelangelo was a “Renaissance Man” of many talents. He was a sculptor, a painter, and an architect. When Michelangelo carved a statue of Moses, he included veins and muscles in the arms and legs.
Michelangelo Buonorrati • 1475 – 1564 • He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.
David • MichelangeloBuonarotti • 1504 • Marble
The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man
Raphael’s Madonnas Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo
The Northern Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance influenced a northern Renaissance. • The northern Renaissance stressed social reform. • Humanists sought to create a more perfect world. • Erasmus is probably the best representative of the Christian humanist. • Northern Renaissance art was more religious than its Italian counterpart. • Van Eyck painted detailed realistic works. • Bosch used religion and folk legends as themes. • Brueghel the Elder focused on the lives of ordinary people.
Pieter Bruegel • Pieter Bruegel was a Dutch painter who wanted to show people as they really were. • Breugal studied Italian art, but he developed his own style. • Many of his paintings show peasants working, dancing, and eating.
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. • Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
