Ocean Governance for the United States

1. Ocean Governance for the United States A New Approach The Project on Ocean Governance School of Marine Affairs University of Washington

2. Overview • History • Background of the United States Commission on Ocean Policy • Commission Recommendations

3. The 6 Phases of National Ocean Policy • 1945-1960: National attention focused on the oceans • 1966-1970: The high point of national marine policy development • 1970’s: The proliferation of environmental and ocean and coastal legislation • 1980’s: International Law of the Sea Development • 1990’s: International environmental law emerges • 2000– the present: A renewed approach to nat’l ocean policy

4. National attention focused on the oceans Post WWII: 1945-1960 • Truman Declarations of 1945 • Tidelands Controversy 1947 - 53 • Submerged Lands Act and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act • UN CLOS I and II (1958 and 1960)

5. The high point The Marine Science Council, 1966-1972 • Established by the President • Cabinet level council chaired by the Vice President • Issued five annual reports describing US ocean activities and expenditures, and declaring Administration policy Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman

6. The high point The Stratton Commission, 1966-1970 • Expert panel of 15 commissioners • Chaired by non-governmental, academic, philanthropic leader, Julius Stratton • Published influential report "Our Nation and the Sea" (1969)

7. The proliferation of legislation US Federal Legislation of the 1970s • Coastal Zone Management Act • Marine Mammal Protection Act • Marine Sanctuary Protection Act • Ocean Dumping Act • National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere • Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments • Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act • Port and Waterway Safety Act • Deepwater Ports Act

8. Law of the Sea Development • LOSC III signed but US does not sign or ratify • Proclamation of 200 mile EEZ, 1983 • Territorial Sea expanded to 12 miles in 1988

9. International policy development The 1990s • UNCED 1992, Agenda 21, GCC and CBD Conventions, LOSC enters into force • International aid, global foundations, and regional action • International scientific collaborations • Growth of the NGO sector

10. Expansion of ocean jurisdiction The 1958 zonal approach 12 NM Baseline ?? NM C.Z. T.S. High Seas Low Water Continental Shelf Thanks to Craig Allen

11. Expansion of ocean jurisdiction The modern regime 200 NM EEZ (188 NM wide) Internal waters 12 NM C.Z. 12 NM *Baseline* High Seas Uplands T.S. High Water Tidelands Low Water Submerged Lands Continental Shelf Deep Seabed Thanks to Craig Allen

12. The renewal of national ocean policy The Oceans Act of 2000 • 1990-1997: heightened academic call for “Stratton II” • 1997-2000: Policy debate over a National Oceans Act • 2000: The Oceans Act is passed and establishes the United States Commission on Ocean Policy • Objective is to develop recommendations to present to the President and Congress for “coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy”.

13. The renewal of national ocean policy The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy • Bi-partisan panel • Broad range of expertise • Geographic balance

14. Recommendations of the United States Commission on Ocean Policy The Final Report • Draft report circulated April 2004 • Final report submitted Sept. 20, 2004 titled “An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century” • Informed by testimony of over 440 presenters in 10 regions of U.S. • 9 Parts and 30 Chapters • Appendices include: • Inventory of U.S. Ocean and Coastal Facilities • Summary of current US ocean and coastal laws and regulations • Testimony received • Governor’s comments • Other

15. Presidential response The President has 90 days to submit to Congress a statement of proposals to implement or respond to the Commission’s recommendations.

16. Final Report Contents The new ocean governance framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

17. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education • K-12 • Higher Ed & the workforce • Informal ed Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

18. Education and the workforce • Education coordination and development are key functions within the National Ocean Council • Align education with workforce needs • Develop diverse ocean-related education at all post-secondary levels • Promote federal stipends for ocean-related education at the post-secondary level • Encourage cross-disciplinary courses of ocean study

19. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge • Watersheds • Natural hazards • Restoration • Shorelines • Commerce International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

20. Coastal management “A new generation of coastal management” • Managing Coasts and their watersheds • Protecting people and property from natural hazards • Conserving and Restoring Coastal Habitat • Managing Sediments and Shorelines • Supporting Marine Commerce and Transportation

21. Coastal management Managing Coasts and their Watersheds • Upgrade management of increasingly crowded shores (e.g. smart growth, cumulative impacts) • Link coastal and watershed management and improve federal support for watershed initiatives • Improve performance and procedures of coastal management programs • Consider merging area-based ocean and coastal resource programs

22. Coastal management Protection from natural hazards • Address growing costs of coastal hazards and data needs • Eliminate federal incentives that encourage inappropriate development • Better incorporate hazard risk into federal project analysis • Improve awareness of hazard risks • Improve the National Flood Insurance Program • Improve hazard mitigation planning www.ecy.wa.gov Washaway Beach, WA www.ecy.wa.gov Ocean Shores, WA

23. Coastal management Conserving and restoring coastal habitat • The need to conserve and restore • Conserving coastal habitat • Habitat conservation programs • Funding for Habitat Conservation • Restoring coastal habitat • The need for better understanding • The special case of wetlands NOAA CRP, salmon restoration Restore America’s Estuaries, seagrass transplant-ation

24. Coastal management Managing sediments and shorelines • Sediments • Federal role • Human intervention • Changing quantities • Changing quality (coping with contaminated sediments) • The need for management • Costs and benefits of dredging • Research gaps http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov Twelve Mile Creek receiving flow from Birch Creek which is carrying a heavy sediment load, central Alaska.

25. Coastal management Marine commerce and transportation • Importance of US Marine Transportation System (MTS) • Improve coordination between MTS components • Link MTS to National transportation infrastructure • Meet information needs for planning future growth • Enhance emergency preparedness Port of Seattle

26. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Water Quality and Pollution Advancing our understanding • Coastal pollution • Monitoring • Vessel pollution • Invasive species • Marine debris Ocean Value & Vitality

27. Water Quality and Pollution Addressing coastal water pollution • Coastal waters under siege • Managing point sources of pollution • Managing nonpoint sources of pollution • Managing atmospheric sources of pollution EPA office of water

28. Water Quality and Pollution • Limiting vessel pollution and improving vessel safety • Flag state oversight, port state control, controlling pollution, research • Preventing the spread of invasive species • Current approaches, major vectors, prevention, improving management • Reducing marine debris • Current efforts, derelict fishing gear, port reception facilities

29. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Water Quality and Pollution Advancing our understanding Ocean Value & Vitality

30. Ocean Value and Vitality Achieving Sustainable Fisheries • Upgrade scientific input and separate scientific and management decisions • Strengthen research that supports management of commercial and recreational fishing • Clarify fishery management jurisdictions and upgrade interstate fishery organizations • Broaden Fishery Council membership

31. Ocean Value and Vitality Achieving Sustainable Fisheries, cont’d • Authorize use of dedicated access privileges • Repeal programs that promote overcapitalization • Improve fishery enforcement through cooperation and technology • Move toward ecosystem based management through habitat protection, by-catch reduction, and multi-species management • Upgrade management of international fisheries

32. Ocean Value and Vitality Protecting Marine Mammals • Threats to marine mammals • Improving marine mammal protection • Meeting research and education needs • Applying ecosystem-based management www.noaanews.noaa.gov www.yoto98.noaa.gov www.ucsc.edu

33. Ocean Value and Vitality Preserving Coral Reefs • Coral ecosystems • The existing management framework • International coral reef protection • Improving understanding of corals FKNMS

34. Marine Archaeology

35. Ocean Value and Vitality Marine aquaculture • Challenges to expansion • Developing and implementing national aquaculture policy • Increasing the knowledge base • International concerns and cooperation www.photolib.noaa.gov Offshore Pacific threadfin (Moi) pen, HI

36. Ocean Value and Vitality Connecting oceans and human health • Links between oceans and human health • Beneficial uses of marine-derived bio-products • Negative health impacts of marine organisms • Increasing federal coordination of oceans and human health research www.wdfw.wa.gov

37. Ocean Value and Vitality Development of offshore energy and other mineral resources • Non-living resources in federal waters • Oil and gas • Methane hydrates • Renewable energy • Other marine minerals Wave Dragon – a large offshore wave energy converter www.wavedragon.net

38. Oil and Gas Development • Trend toward deepwater development • OCSLA vs. CZMA • Federal-State relations

39. Oil and Gas Development

40. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge International role Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution • Research • Observing systems • Technology • Data Ocean Value & Vitality

41. Advancing Our Understanding National strategies for research, exploration, and marine operations • Ocean science and technology • The need for a national strategy • Advancing research • Building a national ocean exploration program • Coordinating and consolidating marine operations

42. Research/ Education Monterey Bay Aquarium/ MBARI R/V Western Flyer ROV Tiburon Hydrothermal vent

43. Advancing Our Understanding A National integrated ocean observing system • Taking stock of existing ocean observing systems • Examining the current state of IOOS • Enumerating the elements of a successful IOOS • Achieving the vision of a national observation network • Looking beyond IOOS • Strengthening international partnerships

44. Ocean Research/Observing Systems The Neptune Project

45. Coastal Ocean Observing Lab Ocean Observing Systems

46. Ocean Observing Systems U.S. Coastal Observing SystemsNE Atlantic Coast NOAA CSS

47. Advancing Our Understanding Enhancing infrastructure and technology development • Advancing ocean and coastal science w/ modern tools • Need for improved infrastructure and tech development • Funding the modernization of critically needed assets • Creating virtual marine technology centers S-PALACE float dive profile www.htp.whoi.edu/floats/spalace

48. Advancing Our Understanding Managing data and information • The importance of data and information management • The current US data management structure • The imbalance between incoming data and current management capabilities • A new generation of data and info management • Meeting the challenges of a new century

49. Final Report Contents The new ocean policy framework Education Coordinated and Comprehensive National Ocean Policy International role America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge • International ocean policy and science Advancing our understanding Water Quality and Pollution Ocean Value & Vitality

50. The U.S. Role in the International Community • International importance of oceans • Evolution of the international ocean regime • Developing and implementing international policy • Enhancing international ocean science • Building international ocean science and management capacity Advancing international ocean policy and science