The Effects of Exploration

1. The Effects of Exploration

2. European Footholds Portuguese: set up trading posts and forts along Western Coast of Africa, in 1500s controlled spice trade between Europe and Asia Dutch: many Boers moved to Southern Africa, Cape Town became first permanent European settlement, Dutch East India Co. in S.E. Asia

3. Spanish: took over the Philippines British: as Mughal Empire declined in India the British East India Co. took more and more power in and over India

4. The Spanish in the Americas Columbus took Tainos back to Spain as prisoners Conquistadors followed Spanish had superior weapons and horses Brought diseases

5. Aztecs under Montezuma in Mexico were conquered by Cortes who destroyed Tenochtitlan, the capital. Incas in Peru were conquered by Pizarro after their leader Atahualpa was kidnapped, held for ransom and then killed. Spain wanted all the gold and silver.

6. Other settlers and missionaries came to the Spanish lands in the New World. There was a blending of Spanish, Native American and African cultures. Spanish kings appointed viceroys or governors over their land in the New World.

7. Conquistadors were granted encomiendas or the rights to force the natives to work under brutal conditions. Peons were paid workers who labored to repay landlords.

8. Societal Structure in Spanish America Peninsulares: born in Spain Creoles: born in New World but Spanish Mestizos: mixed Spanish and Native American Mulattoes: mixed Spanish and African Native Americans and Africans

9. Colonies in North America France: mainly in Canada and down the Mississippi River England: 13 colonies on the East Coast French and Indian War (Seven Years War): 1754, British and colonial troops captured New France and France surrendered Canada to Britain

10. The Atlantic Slave Trade

11. Why Slavery? ● Maximum profit for minimum price ● Originally tried to enslave Native Americans, but too many died from disease and war.

12. Origins of Slavery -began 10,000 years ago with development of farming -Early civilizations in Egypt, China, India, American Indians, Greece, Rome had slaves -Racism

13. Slavery in Africa -Existed before Europeans came -No personal or civil rights -Could be cultivators, soldiers, administrators, even advisors -Not hereditary, children born free

14. -Slaves were a means of measuring wealth -Assimilated into family clans -Islamic Slave Trade after 8th century, raiding -European trade by 1450, first raiding then buying

15. Benefits of African Slaves for Europeans 1. Resistance to European diseases. 2. Experienced farmers 3. Unfamiliar with geography- made escape difficult

16. Between the years 1500- 1870 10 million Africans were imported to the Americas.

17. Triangle Trade System- Continuous flow of goods and slaves between Europe, Africa, & the Americas. Middle Passage- Route from Africa to the Americas. Middle of Triangle Trade system

18. TRIANGLE TRADE SYSTEM

19. Deck of Slave Ship en route to the Americas

20. Design of a British slave ship

21. Effects of African Slave Trade on New World • Labor • Colonies may not have survived without slaves’ work • Agricultural Expertise • Culture • Art, music, food, language

22. Effects of African Slave Trade on Africa Africa lost millions of young, fit, and able people Destruction of families, loss of history and culture Introduction of guns caused internal war and conflict

23. Distorted sex ratios caused polygamy Some Africans made huge profits, upset when it was over

24. Columbian ExchangeandGlobal Trade

25. Columbian Exchange =global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas

26. Contributions of the New World • Tomatoes • Squash • Pineapples • Tobacco • Avocado • Peppers • Turkey • Cacao beans (chocolate) • Corn • Potatoes • Sweet Potatoes • Vanilla • Peanuts

27. Contributions of Old World • Horses • Cattle • Pigs • Sheep • Honeybees • Sugar cane • Citrus Fruits • Grains: wheat, rice, barley, oats • Bananas • Black-eyed peas • Yams • Grapes • Onions • Olives • Turnips • Coffee beans

28. Contributions of Old World *Diseases: smallpox, measles, influenza, and malaria resulted in death of millions of Native Americans

29. Commercial Revolution The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries

30. Commercial Revolution: Capitalism Growth of Capitalism Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit Wealth from trade no longer goes to governments, individuals become wealthy investors

31. Commercial Revolution: Joint-Stock • Joint-Stock companies • A number of investors pool money for a common purpose. • Purpose was usually colonization • Like a modern-day corporation • Share profits and losses • Jamestown (England’s 1st North American colony was funded by joint-stock)

32. Commercial Revolution: Mercantilism • Mercantilism: a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth. • Build navies, buy & trade goods • Every nation wants to be as wealthy as possible

33. Commercial Revolution: Mercantilism • Obtain as much gold and silver as possible. • Establish a “favorable balance of trade” Sell more goods than you buy • Not dependent on other countries for goods

34. Effects of Commercial Revolution in Europe: • Growth of towns • Rise of merchant class • Increased wealth of European nations