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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

This chapter provides an overview of the levels of organization in the human body, the requirements of living organisms, and the characteristics of life. It also explores the different organ systems and their functions. Additionally, it discusses homeostasis and anatomical terminology.

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

  2. Intro to A&P • Anatomy – • Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

  3. Levels of Organization • Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization: • Atom- particles which make up matter • Organelle- • Cell- basic unit of structure and function • Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions. • Organs- • Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together • Organism-

  4. Levels of Organization

  5. Requirements of Living Organisms • Water • Food • Oxygen • Cell respiration • Heat • Controls rate of reactions • Pressure

  6. Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things) • Movement • Growth • Reproduction

  7. Characteristics of Life • Digestion • Circulation • Excretion Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

  8. Organ Systems (11 total) • Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors • Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage • Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue. • Production of blood cells • Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea • Exchange gases between air and blood • Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. • Production of new organisms • Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands • Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

  9. Organ Systems • Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement. • Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves • Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands • Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body. • Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen • Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.

  10. Organ Systems • Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines. • Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed. • Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra • Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance

  11. Homeostasis • Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment • Use homeostatic mechanisms: • Receptors- • Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F) • Effectors-

  12. Negative Feedback • Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point) • Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

  13. Homeostasis - Positive Feedback • Definition – • Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

  14. Blood Glucose Level

  15. Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1.Dorsal– has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal - - Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b.Vertebral-- includes s.c.

  16. Major Body Cavities 2.Ventral– has 2 smaller cavities: a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – Mediastinum– the space separating the two lungs; includes: - pericardial cavity – Diaphragm– separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes: - abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -

  17. Body Cavities

  18. Anatomical Terminology • Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

  19. Anatomical Position When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position: • Standing • Facing forward • Palms facing forward

  20. Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another • Superior vs. Inferior • Anterior vs. Posterior • Medial vs. Lateral • Distal vs. Proximal

  21. More Anatomical Positions • Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral • Deep vs. Superficial • Peripheral

  22. Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs

  23. Membranes • 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal – • Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities: • Example – visceral pleura parietal peritoneum

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