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Chapter 7 – The role of the media

Chapter 7 – The role of the media. Learning Target 7.1. Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media. Students can list ways politicians use both print and broadcast media in both their quest for a position and after they have secured one. Mass Media.

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Chapter 7 – The role of the media

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  1. Chapter 7 – The role of the media

  2. Learning Target 7.1 • Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media. • Students can list ways politicians use both print and broadcast media in both their quest for a position and after they have secured one

  3. Mass Media -Medium – Print/Broadcast -Shaping the Public Agenda

  4. How do each of these media sources affect you? Ask yourself – does this media source influence the way you think? In what ways? • TV programming that you watch – comedies, dramas • https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video?fr=tightropetb&p=newsroom+-+1st+episode+speech#id=1&vid=6305c4528836125432026a215c4d8496&action=click • Newspapers and magazines  • Internet news  sources (Huffington Post, Yahoo…) • Talk radio (Rush Limbaugh…) • Bands/songs that you listen to (with a message) • Network television news watched (evening news) • 24 hour cable news • YouTube videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e4vFMJmBIc • Social Media – Twitter, FaceBook, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SywNBiB3is4 • Blogs

  5. High Tech Politics is… • A politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the policy agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology. • In English please: • the usage of today's advanced technology for fundraising, voter contacts, and issue analysis. •  a key method of contact to younger voters, with donations now accepted via PayPal, websites, and other means that make donations simpler and quicker than mailing a check.

  6. Media Events - Staged

  7. Most money is spent to G.O.T.V. • Ads are really expensive and big time producers are now involved in making them. They are like mini movies. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp6IO1I7t3Q • Even when the campaign is over – the image making continues. If you aren’t there delivering your message – someone else is delivering theirs… • This guy loves the little blue bird – how does that help him stay on TV?

  8. Instantaneous media • Twitter feed during debates • 24 hour news cycle – cable TV • You Tube videos highlight events and problem issues • FaceBook and social media – Arab Spring • Blogs – self appointed reporters-

  9. The development of media politics… • Newspaper colonial era and 19th century • Investigative journalism – muckrakers – Progressive Era Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the meat packing industry

  10. Presidents didn’t always bow to the media Hoover: The President of the United States will not stand and be questioned like a chicken thief by men whose names he does not even know. All questions were submitted ahead of time. Enter FDR: minimum of 2 press conferences a week – fireside chats – still controlled the message

  11. Relationship between press and prez changes Investigative Journalism begins to go on the hunt for stories – no one is held harmless.

  12. Political scientists think this kind of investigative journalism adds to the cynicism about politics

  13. Nature of coverage of campaigns is • Horse race coverage (who’s ahead, who’s behind and why) • No longer what (what the issues are and where they stand)

  14. Development of the Mass Media- Milestones • 1st Amendment ratified in 1791 • “If I had to choose between government without newspapers and newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.” T Jeff • Studies have found that newspaper reading and good citizenship go together • Newspapers 100,000 words daily • TV broadcast 3,600 words Colonial era press

  15. Newspapers are in trouble • Revenue from selling papers is not being recovered with ads in on-line versions • Too much news available on the Internet for free – why pay? • NY Times and Wall Street Journal may be the only survivors – but for how long • Dangerous for democracy • As technology has allowed information to be more abundant and shared faster – news coverage becomes less complete. Think: The Skimm…vs.

  16. New York Times and Washington Post – newspapers of record • In depth political and foreign policy coverage • Regional and local press depend on AP wire service • Newspaper reader more likely to vote • 100,000 word daily vs. TV news 3,600 words, Twitter???

  17. The Broadcast Media - #1 source of news reporting • Era of radio domination 1920’s-1940’s • Era of TV domination of news – began 1960’s • Cable era – 1980’s-present

  18. Nixon – Kennedy Debate 1960

  19. Civil rights, Vietnam War, and 1960’s Protests • Impact of TV • Vietnam – the TV war Execution during the Tet Offensive Napalm victim of U.S. bbombing

  20. Federal Communication Leases the Airwaves – Sets rules • No single owner can reach more than 39% of broadcast market • FOX, ABC, NBC, CBS – may not merge • Evaluate licenses – Is the station serving the public purpose? • Fair treatment rules • Controversial issues of public importance presented in a manner that was, in the Commission's view, honest, equitable and balanced. Scarcity of broadcast spectrum required this–now dropped due to explosion of cable channels

  21. Federal Communication Leases the Airwaves – Sets rules • Equal time rules (political ads only) • If a station offers a free minute to one candidate – must give same to opposition • Many exemptions to this rule • Documentary, news event, debate is a news event, talk shows, entertainment • Being on Oprah – doesn’t count • Being on The Daily Show – doesn’t count • Basically – easy to get around.

  22. Narrowcasting – Cable To whom do each of these play?

  23. Cable Network News – the 24 hour news cycle The news as it happens

  24. Shortcomings of Cable News • Headlines • Images rule – talking heads are boring • Entertainment – what attracts viewers • Lack resources for depth of reporting • Slanted coverage • Lack of research and edited material – 11% study • Emphasis on profit

  25. The Internet - Possibilities • Just Google it • Overwhelming amount of information – what is valid? • Planted slanted material and lies – no controls • Left on their own, what will citizens look for on the internet? • Under 29? Unlikely to use newpapers…this is your medium

  26. Using the internet for campaigning • https://www.hillaryclinton.com/ • https://www.donaldjtrump.com/?utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=w_djt1015115043_donor-wall-splash&utm_source=website&utm_content=donor-wall-splash-continue • http://trottforcongress.com/ • http://www.kumarforuscongress.com/ Who visits candidates websites? Their supporters

  27. Traditional Media Now Using the Internet as an Additional Outlet

  28. Special Interest Groups Use of the Internet

  29. Defining the News – What is newsworthy? • Profits v journalistic integrity • Entertaining news pays off – if it isn’t entertaining – it isn’t on the news – what makes it entertaining? • “If it bleeds it leads”. • Overly complex is boring. • Are Americans even interested in foreign policy other than wars that we are involved in? And again…what country is this?

  30. Finding the news • Sources – most are well established • Beats – crime, education, white house • Revealing sources/shield laws/jailed journalists • 2003 – a new approach – embedding reporters in the Iraq War.

  31. Leaks and Trial Balloons

  32. Agenda Setting Which stories get covered? -Casey Anthony Trial Coverage -Tornadoes in Joplin kill nearly 200 -Day of verdict, earthquake in New Zealand -Anthony Weiner

  33. How does media impact voters? • Does not have a DIRECT impact on voting behavior – minimal effects theory • Does impact WHAT Americans think about – agenda setting effects • If there are a lot of stories on a particular topic – we think about it more and consider it an issue • In 1992 – the economy was growing slowly – media focused on that – even though the more important news was probably low inflation (inflation had plagued the economy in recent years) Papa Bush did not get re-elected due to the country’s perception that the economy was failing.

  34. Policy Agenda • Those issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and those involved in politics • Think about the campaign – what issues have made it to the top of the agenda? • What issues are not being discussed? Policy Entrepreneurs People who invest their political “capital” in an issue.

  35. Image Makers • hired by candidates to help shape public perception of the candidate • PR experts David Gergen with Ronald Reagan David Gergen with Bill Clinton

  36. Olivia Pope

  37. Media reports on issues in a way that suggests the government needs to act.

  38. Individualism – who needs a stinkin’ party?

  39. Watergate redefined the relationship between reporters and officials – watchdog orientation

  40. The Mass Media – Linkage Institution

  41. Near v. Minnesota • Incorporates right of free press ~ no censorship by state or federal governments ~ i.e. no prior restraint.

  42. NY Times v. US ~ Pentagon Papers • What are the Pentagon Papers? • A government study of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia. Commissioned by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara in June, 1967, the 47-volume, top secret study covered the period from World War II to May, 1968. It was written by a team of analysts who had access to classified documents, and was completed in Jan., 1969. The study revealed a considerable degree of miscalculation, bureaucratic arrogance, and deception on the part of U.S. policymakers.

  43. Soooo why do we care? • On June 13, 1971, the New York Times began publishing a series of articles based on the study. The Justice Dept. obtained a court injunction against further publication on national security grounds, but the Supreme Court ruled (June 30) that constitutional guarantees of a free press overrode other considerations, and allowed further publication. The government indicted (1971) Daniel Ellsberg, a former government employee who made the Pentagon Papers available to the New York Times, and Anthony J. Russo on charges of espionage, theft, and conspiracy. On May 11, 1973, a federal court judge dismissed all charges against them because of improper government conduct.

  44. Sooooo no prior restraint? • Precisely Watson… • The SCOTUS continues to recognize press freedom by striking down attempts at prior restraint.

  45. Just for fun – bad lip reading 2nd Debate 2016 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC4YpPspnUc • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g540n3sLh68

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