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UTT LIBRARIES

UTT LIBRARIES. APA CITATION : the basics. UTT LIBRARIES. What Is This Tutorial About?. At the end of this tutorial you will : Understand the APA citation style Be able to cite sources used within body of text and compile a list of references at the end of the paper

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UTT LIBRARIES

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  1. UTT LIBRARIES APA CITATION : the basics UTT LIBRARIES

  2. What Is This Tutorial About? At the end of this tutorial you will : • Understand the APA citation style • Be able to cite sources used within body of text and compile a list of references at the end of the paper • Recognize the elements for different information formats UTT LIBRARIES

  3. SECTION I APA OVERVIEW • WHY • WHEN • HOW UTT LIBRARIES

  4. Why Use the APA Citation Style • To help you produce scholarly works • To show your readers the sourceof your information • To allow your readers to consult and verify your sources • To give credit to the persons (including yourself) whose works which you used in writing your paper i.e. to avoid plagiarism and self plagiarism • To comply with one of the citation styles recommended by the University of Trinidad and Tobago UTT LIBRARIES

  5. When to Cite Whenever you: • Quote - use someone’s exact words • Copy - use someone’s figures, tables or structures • Paraphrase - convert someone’s ideas into your own words • Summarize - use a brief account of someone’s ideas • Refertoa specific work e.g. book or video recording UTT LIBRARIES

  6. How to Cite Citing utilizes elements from the source of the information: Citation Elements • The elements of a citation are the basic pieces of information used to identify the source • The elements vary according to the type of resource used (for example, book, cds, dvds, journals, online resources) UTT LIBRARIES

  7. Citation Elements Some Basic Citation Elements UTT LIBRARIES

  8. Points to Note when Citing • Capitalization • Punctuation • Spacing • Indentation • Font • Order of citation elements UTT LIBRARIES

  9. Types of Citation In APA, sources are cited in two places: • In-text ( brief citation) • In the list of References (detailed citation) UTT LIBRARIES

  10. SECTION II In-Text Citation In-text citation is citation within the body of the work. The elements generally used are: • The author’s last name • The publication year • Page number (s) UTT LIBRARIES

  11. In-Text Citation Formatting of Elements May be written in two different styles: • Author’s name in body of text: Harris (1989) notes, “Children can also imagine believing something that they know to be false” (p. 77). • No author’s name in body of text : “Children can also imagine believing something that they know to be false”(Harris, 1989, p. 77). UTT LIBRARIES

  12. In-Text Citation In-text citation illustrated for: • Quotations • Publications with1 author • Publications with 2 authors • Publications with 3 to 5 authors • Publications with more than 5 authors • A source within a source • E-mails • Interviews • Electronic sources UTT LIBRARIES

  13. In-Text CitationFormatting Quotations • Quotations less than 40 words • Quotations 40 words or more • Quotations within a quotation UTT LIBRARIES

  14. In-Text CitationFormatting Quotations Less Than 40 Words • Included as part of paragraph • Enclosed in double quotation marks Illustrated in slide 11 UTT LIBRARIES

  15. In-Text CitationFormatting Quotations 40 Words Or More Use a block for any quotation of 40 words or more • Indent five spaces • Do not use quotation marks around the quote! • Record citation information in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses Limit your use of long block quotes UTT LIBRARIES

  16. In-Text CitationFormatting Quotations 40 Words Or More Set out as a block on the page: On the other hand if children really do find it difficult to recognize ambivalent feelings they should continue to do so even if all difficulties of memory and invention are removed. For example, if they are told about ambivalent situations rather than asked to or invent them they should still not recognize that mixed or opposing feelings would be provoked. (p. 112) Harris (1989) writes, He then goes on to note…. UTT LIBRARIES

  17. In-Text Citation Formatting Quotations Within A Quotation Quotation within a short quotation – enclose in single quotation marks: She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied. UTT LIBRARIES

  18. In-Text Citation Formatting Quotations Within A Quotation Miele (1993) found the following: “The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited, even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect.”(p. 276) Quotation within a block quotation- enclose in double quotation marks: UTT LIBRARIES

  19. In-Text CitationOne Author • With the author's name mentioned in the text: Bolles (2000) provides… • With the author's name NOT mentioned in the text : A recent study (Bolter, 2001) suggests that… Note: If you cite the same source a second time within a paragraph, the year of publication may be omitted. UTT LIBRARIES

  20. In-Text CitationPublications with Two Authors Always cite both names: Katzenbach and Smith (1993) define a team… or A team is defined by others (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993) as… Note: Please note differences between use of ampersand (&) and the word ‘and’ when citing. UTT LIBRARIES

  21. In-Text Citation Publications with Three to Five Authors • Cite ALL authors the FIRST time thereference occurs: Peng, Johnson, Pollock, Glasspool, and Harris (1992) found…. • In subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al. Peng et al. (1992) found…. UTT LIBRARIES

  22. In-Text Citation Publications with Six or more Authors Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. Harris et al. (1989) Another study (Harris et al., 1989)…. UTT LIBRARIES

  23. In-Text CitationSources Within Sources When you did not actually read a source document, but it was cited in a study or paper you read Cite the source you actually read, both in-text and in the references: Dunn, Kendrick, and MacNamee (as cited in Harris, 1989) found that… Other studies use mothers’ reports to assess children’s comforting (Dunn, Kendrick, & MacNamee as cited in Harris, 1989) UTT LIBRARIES

  24. In-Text CitationPersonal Communication • Letters, interviews, and emails are cited in the text of the paper and not in the list of references. • When citing an email or letter, provide the date the communication was sent. • When citing an interview, provide the date of the interview N. Valesquez (letter to author, November 17, 2000) noted … B. O'Connor (personal interview, March 3, 2001) indicated… UTT LIBRARIES

  25. In-Text Citation Electronic Sources When quoting or paraphrasing material from an internet source, include the paragraph number ( whether listed or not ) directly following the quote or paraphrase: Wigand and Benjamin (1995) predict "an evolution from manufacturer-controlled value chains to electronic markets” (para. 3 ). UTT LIBRARIES

  26. SECTION III Reference List Citation • The reference list should begin on a new page separate from the text of the paper • The word References should be placed at the top centre of the page. Do not bold, underline or use quotation marks for the heading • Only those works that you have cited in the text ( excluding letters, email and interviews) are to be included in the reference list UTT LIBRARIES

  27. Reference List CitationGeneral Guidelines • The ‘References’ are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s/editor’s surname or title if there is no author/editor • If there is more than one entry by the same author, list them by year of publication with the earliest year first • Indentation (hanging) - All lines after the first line of each entry in your list of references should be indented five spaces from the left margin. This is called a hanging indentation UTT LIBRARIES

  28. Reference List CitationGeneral Guidelines • Capitals - Only proper nouns and the first letter of the title and subtitle are capitalized. This includes ‘the’, ‘an’ and ‘a’ • Italics - Titles of books, periodicals and newspapers are italicized • No full stop is used when an entry ends with an URL • All entries in the reference list must be double-spaced. UTT LIBRARIES

  29. Reference List Citation Format for Books Levine, R.V.(2003).The power of persuasion: How we’re bought and sold. Hoboken,NJ:John Wiley & Sons. Year of Publication in parenthesis Title (italicized, with only 1st word of the title, subtitle and any proper nounscapitalized) Author’s last name Initials Indentation Include State if City is ambiguous or unfamiliar Place of Publishing Publisher UTT LIBRARIES

  30. Reference List Citation Books with One Author Giancoli, D. C. (2005). Physics: Principles with applications (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education. UTT LIBRARIES

  31. Reference List CitationBooks with Two Authors Separate two authors by comma and ampersand: Nalluri, C., & Featherstone, R. E. (2001). Civil engineering hydraulics: Essential theory with worked examples (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. UTT LIBRARIES

  32. Reference List Citation Books with Three to Seven Authors Separate authors by comma: Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., & Novak, J. E. (2009). Technical drawing. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. UTT LIBRARIES

  33. Reference List Citation Books with More than Seven Authors When there are eight or more authors, include the first 6 authors' names followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) and the final author's name. Harris, P., John A., Petrov, R., Paul, T., Michaels, I. H., Silva, D., …Ramon, S. (1989). Basic engineering design. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge Press. UTT LIBRARIES

  34. Reference List CitationBooks with No Author Merriam-Webster’s ESL dictionary (2nded.). (1999). London: Merriam- Webster. UTT LIBRARIES

  35. Reference List Citation Chapter of a Book Roll, W. P. (1976). ESP and memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley & H.L. Edge (Eds.), Philosophical dimensions of parapsychology(pp. 161-172). Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press. UTT LIBRARIES

  36. Reference List Citation Format for Journal Articles Klimoski, R., &Palmer, S. (1993).The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,45(2),10-36. 2nd Author’s surname, Initial., (Year of Publication) Article Title. 1st Author’s surname, Ampersand Initial. Journal Title: Journal Subtitle, Indentation Volume(number) Page number-page number. UTT LIBRARIES

  37. Reference List Citation Article from Journals Dickstein, R., & Mills, V. (2000). Usability testing at the University of Arizona Library: How to let the users in on the design. Information Technologyand Libraries,19(3),144 – 151. UTT LIBRARIES

  38. Reference List CitationArticle from Newspapers Allaham, A. (2008, October 5). Raising children – your most expensive investment. Sunday Express, p. 6. UTT LIBRARIES

  39. Reference List Citation Article from An Encyclopedia Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. UTT LIBRARIES

  40. Reference List CitationArticle from an Online Journal with DOI Digital Object Identifier – a unique identifier for digital intellectual property Picon, A. (2004). Engineers and engineering history: Problems and perspectives. History and Technology 20 (4),421-436. DOI: 10.1080/0734151042000304367 UTT LIBRARIES

  41. Reference List CitationArticle from an Online Journal without DOI Springer, J. (2008). "Roll It Gal": Alison Hinds, Female Empowerment, and Calypso. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 8(1), 93-129. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com UTT LIBRARIES

  42. Reference List CitationArticle from the Internet Trinidad and Tobago-music and performing arts.(2007). Retrieved fromhttp://www.smithsonianmag.com UTT LIBRARIES

  43. Example of Reference List UTT LIBRARIES

  44. References Allaham, A. (2008, October 5). Raising children – your most expensive investment. Sunday Express, p. 6. American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Dickstein, R., & Mills, V. (2000). Usability testing at the University of Arizona Library: How to let the users in on the design. Information Technologyand Libraries,19(3),144 – 151. UTT LIBRARIES

  45. Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., & Novak, J. E. (2009). Technical drawing. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Harris, P., John A., Petrov, R., Paul, T., Michaels, I. H., Silva, D., …Ramon, S. (1989). Basic Engineering Design. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge Press. Merriam-Webster’s ESL dictionary (2nd ed.). (1999). London: Miriam- Webster. Picon, A. (2004). Engineers and engineering history: Problems and perspectives, History and Technology 20 (4),421-436. DOI: 10.1080/0734151042000304367 Trinidad and Tobago-music and performing arts.(2007). Retrieved fromhttp://www.smithsonianmag.com UTT LIBRARIES

  46. Useful APA tutorial links http://apastyle.org/ http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=apa_exposed http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ UTT LIBRARIES

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