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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. C H A P T E R. 1. Introduction and Overview. Outcomes. Assess how the role of leisure has changed over time. Compare and contrast five philosophical approaches to leisure services. Identify your own philosophical approach to leisure services. (continued).

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 C H A P T E R 1 Introductionand Overview

  2. Outcomes • Assess how the role of leisure has changed over time. • Compare and contrast five philosophical approaches to leisure services. • Identify your own philosophical approach to leisure services. (continued)

  3. Outcomes (continued) • Define six theories of play. • Describe seven theories related to why people engage in leisure. • Differentiate among the definitions of leisure as time, activity, or state of mind. • Describe four theories related to recreation.

  4. Ancient Greeks • Social levels • Citizens • Slaves • Leisure • Balance of body, mind, character • Contemplation

  5. Romans • Social levels: senators, curiae, plebs, coloni • Leisure • To prepare for war • Oriented toward debauchery, including drinking, festivals, gladiator fighting

  6. Middle Ages • Powerful church influence over leisure • Social class influence on leisure: nobility, clergy, peasants • Leisure included hunting, falconry, gambling, sports

  7. Renaissance • Time of rebirth • Advancement of science and arts • Reduction in the power of the church • First organized development of park systems

  8. Colonial America • Protestant Reformation • John Calvin • Martin Luther • Puritan influence on leisure: religion as moral compass for work and leisure

  9. Industrial Revolution • Increased number of immigrants to America • Shift from rural to urban population • Factory work rather than farm work • Child labor laws enacted • Youth (play) movement: Joseph Lee, Jane Addams, Luther Gulick

  10. Great Depression • Work Projects Administration: development of city recreation centers and parks • Civilian Conservation Corps: development of state parks and trails

  11. Modern Era • National Recreation and Park Association is organized (1965) • Tax revolts limit funding for public parks and recreation services (1970s) • Americans with Disabilities Act passes (1990) • Increased diversity affects recreation programming

  12. 21st Century: Influences on Leisure • Obesity epidemic • Effects of technology on leisure • Demographic shift with increased immigration • Environmental concerns • Economic hardship for many Americans • Focus on importance of outdoor play

  13. Philosophical Approaches to Leisure • Idealism • Realism • Pragmatism • Existentialism • Humanism

  14. Philosophical Approaches to Service • In a community where youth involvement in gangs is becoming rampant, a recreation provider tries to combat the growing problem. • How does her philosophical approach to recreation affect the services that she delivers?

  15. The Idealist • Programmer believes that youths are inherently good and want to be good and succeed. • Programmer believes that leisure inherently has valuable outcomes that youths want. • Programmer offers programs with the certainty that the combination of these two beliefs will reduce gang participation.

  16. The Realist • Programmer believes that youths in gangs will remain in gangs regardless of recreation programming. • Youths might participate and gain some benefits, but program is not likely to eliminate gang involvement. • If youths gain some benefits from the program, programmer has had a positive influence even if youths remain in gangs.

  17. The Pragmatist • Programmer does what works, constantly testing approaches to addressing the gang problem through programming. • Programmer keeps what works and discards what does not work. • Programmer lives with the fact that the program may not be ideal.

  18. The Existentialist • Programmer does not provide an organized program to combat gang involvement but provides space where this can occur. • Programmer may facilitate informal recreation opportunities that can contribute to development. • Open-gym hours • Drop-in arts program

  19. The Humanist • Programmer believes that leisure provides context for people to reach their full potential. • Programmer identifies a mentoring program in which participants receive individual attention as an appropriate approach to providing the context.

  20. Defining Leisure • Leisure as time • Leisure as activity • Leisure as state of mind • Perceived freedom • Intrinsic motivation • Perceived competence • Positive affect

  21. Defining Play • Imaginative • Intrinsically motivated • Nonserious • Freely chosen • Activity engaging

  22. Defining Recreation • Activity that takes place in free time • Activity that is enjoyable • Activity that is socially redeeming

  23. Leisure Theory • Spillover theory: Choice of leisure activity reflects work activity because the person has inherent enjoyment of that activity. • Compensatory theory: Leisure activity is chosen because it provides the person with what work cannot provide.

  24. Flow Theory

  25. Kelly’sSociologicalLeisureTheory

  26. Play Theory • Surplus energy: Play is an outlet for excess energy. • Conflict enculturation: New behaviors are learned in a “safe” environment. • Developmental tool: Play reflects the developmental stage of a person. • Optimal arousal: Play allows for escape from boredom.

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