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ANABOLISM

ANABOLISM. BIOSYNTHESIS. ANABOLISM. REQUIRES LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY MOST ATP IS DEDICATED TO BIOSYNTHESIS DUE TO TURNOVER CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM ARE USUALLY BALANCED. MACROMOLECULES. PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS POLYSACCHARIDES POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS

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ANABOLISM

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  1. ANABOLISM BIOSYNTHESIS

  2. ANABOLISM • REQUIRES LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY • MOST ATP IS DEDICATED TO BIOSYNTHESIS DUE TO TURNOVER • CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM ARE USUALLY BALANCED

  3. MACROMOLECULES • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS • POLYSACCHARIDES • POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS • REDUCED NUMBERS OF SUBUNITS REDUCES ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CELLS • 30 SMALL PRECURSORS

  4. ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES • CONTAIN NECESSARY INFORMATIN TO SELF ASSEMBLE • RIBOSOMES

  5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

  6. THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • SOME MICROBES CAN TRAP ENERGY OF LIGHT • PROVIDES ATP, NADH OR NADPH • USUALLY REDUCES AND INCORPORATES CARBON DIOXIDE IN LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

  7. LIGHT REACTIONS IN PLANTS, ALGAE & CYANOBACTERIA • PIGMENTS FOR LIGHT ABSORPTION • CHLOROPHYLL MOST IMPORTANT • FOUR RINGS WITH MAGNESIUM CENTER • CHLOROPHYLL A AND B • TRANSMIT GREEN LIGHT

  8. TRANSMIT GREEN LIGHT

  9. ACCESSORY PIGMENTS • CAROTENOIDSBETA CAROTENEXANTHOPHYLLFUCOXANTHIN • PHYCOBILIPROTEINSPHYCOERYTHRINPHYCOCYANIN • 470 -630 NM LIGHT

  10. ANTENNA • 300 CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES • REACTION CENTER

  11. PHOTOSYSTEM I & II

  12. PHOTOSYSTEM I • PIGMENT 700 REACTION CENTER • TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYTEM • CYCLIC PATHWAY • NONCYCLIC PATHWAY

  13. CYCLIC PHOSPHORYLATION • PHOTOSYSTEM I • REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLL • P700 GETS EXCITED • GIVES ELECTRON TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND BACK TO P700 • ATP MADE AT CYTOCHROME B6

  14. NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION • BOTH PHOTOSYSTEM I AND II • P700 GETS EXCITED • GIVES ELECTRON TO FERRIDOXIN • GOES DOWN ETS TO NADP+

  15. PHOTOSYSTEM II • EXISTS TO SERVICE PHOTOSYSTEM I • PIGMENT 680 • MAKES SOME ATP • ELECTRONS ARE REPLACED BY PHOTOLYSIS

  16. NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION • ONE ATP & ONE NADPH FORMED • TAKES PLACE IN THYLAKOID MEMBRANE • GRANA THYLAKOIDS HAVE BOTH PHOTOSYSTEM I AND II • CYANOBACTERIA HAVE IN CELL MEMBRANE

  17. COST OF LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS • THREE ATPS & TWO NADPHs TO REDUCE ONE CARBON DIOXIDE • FOUR ELECTRONS PASSING THROUGH PHOTOSYSTEMS WILL PRODUCE TWO ATPs AND TWO NADPHs • EXTRA ATP PROBABLY COMES FROM CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

  18. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION • KEY REACTION IS THE FIXATION OF CARBON BY THE CALVIN BENSON CYCLE BY ENZYME CALLED RUBISCO

  19. CARBON FIXATION • ONLY AUTOTROPHS USE CARBON DIOXIDE AS SOLE OR MAIN CARBON SOURCE • NEEDS LOTS OF ENERGY • CAN OBTAIN FROM LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OR OXIDATION OF REDUCED INORGANIC MOLECULES

  20. CALVIN BENSON CYCLE • STROMA OF EUKARYOTES

  21. THE PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • CARBOXYLATION • REDUCTION • REGENERATION

  22. CARBOXYLATION PHASE RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CO2 RUBISCO 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

  23. REDUCTION PHASE PGA ATP PGAL NADPH

  24. REGENERATION PHASE PGAL ATP RIBULOSE 1,5 BIPHOSPHATE

  25. HETEROTROPHIC SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS • FROM REDUCED ORGANIC MOLECULES • GLUCONEOGENESIS • SHARES SEVEN ENZYMES WITH GYCOLYSIS

  26. IRREVERSIBLE GLYCOLYTIC REACTIONS • PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE • CONVERSION OF FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE FROM FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • CONVERSION OF PHOSPHOPHENOPYRUVATE

  27. ENZYMES • HEXOKINASE -- GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE -- FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATASE • PYRUVATE KINASE -- PEP CARBOXYLASE & PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE

  28. PRODUCTS OF GLUCONEOGENESIS • FRUCTOSE & GLUCOSE • MANNOSE FROM FRUCTOSE

  29. AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS • NITROGEN • CARBON SKELETON • PROVIDE ACETYL CoA, ALPHA KETOGLUTARATE, OTHERS • GLYCOLYSIS, TCA, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE

  30. FOR EXAMPLE OXALOACETATE CAN BE USED TO FORM THE FOLLOWING AMINO ACIDS • LYSINE • THREONINE • ISOLEUCINE • METHIONINE

  31. GLYCEROL CAN BE SYNTHESIZED FROM DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE FATTY ACIDS ARE PRODUCED FROM TWO CARBON ACETYL CoA MOLECULES STEROIDS CAN BE SYNTHESIZED FROM ACETYL CoA LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS

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