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America in World War I

America in World War I. Period 7 – Part 1 1898 to 1920. Think About It. To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement? To what extent did World War I impact Progressive Era reforms?. Great War in Europe (1914-1919).

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America in World War I

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  1. America in World War I Period 7 – Part 1 1898 to 1920

  2. Think About It • To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement? • To what extent did World War I impact Progressive Era reforms?

  3. Great War in Europe (1914-1919) • Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 • Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

  4. The Path to War • American Neutrality • Isolationists • Preparedness • Mostly pro-Allies • German U-Boats • Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans • Sussex Pledge (1916) • German resumes unrestricted submarine warfare • Russian Revolution (1917) • Zimmermann Telegram (1917) • German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. • United States declares war on April 6, 1917 • To preserve and defend democracy, self-determination

  5. American Domestic War Effort • War Agencies • War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) • National War Labor Board • Food Administration • Committee on Public Information (George Creel) • Liberty Bonds • Financial support for American war effort • Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty

  6. American Propaganda

  7. American Domestic Insecurity • American Protective League (APL) • Espionage Act of 1917 • Prohibition of: • Interfere in military operations • Interfere in military recruitment • Support of U.S. enemies • Promote insubordination • "The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present dangerthat they will bring about the substantive evils that the United States Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.“ • Schenk v. United States (1919) • Abrams v. United States (1919) • Sedition Act of 1918 • In times of war: • Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, military, and flag

  8. Americans Over There • Selective Service Act of 1917 • Conscription of 21-31 • 18-45 by 1918 • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) • Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor • General John J. Pershing • War Events • Spring Offensive (1918) • Armistice (11/11/1918) • German capitulation • Casualties • 117,000 Americans • 1 million British, • 1.6 million French, • 3.3. million Russian, • 2.4 million German, • 2.9 million Ottoman, • 1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

  9. Wilson and Peace • Fourteen Points • “peace without victory” • Freedom of the seas • Self-determination • League of Nations • Treaty of Versailles • German guilt, reparations • League of Nations • Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification • Senate Opposition • Irreconcilables • Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles • Reservationists • Henry Cabot Lodge • Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement • Wilson’s Public Campaign • Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion • Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations • U.S. will eventually negotiate separate treaties

  10. Postwar AmericaLabor Unions and Strikes • Causes • Unions wanted to preserve labor gains during war • Post-war inflation demanded higher wages • Union Membership • AFL supported WWI • AFL reached 4 million by 1920 • IWW opposed WWI • Lost membership • Strikes of 1919 • Seattle General Strike • Boston Police Strike • Public Perception • Association with radicals • Strikes causes product shortages

  11. Postwar AmericaRace Riots • Red Summer of 1919 • Three dozen cities experienced race riots • Economic competition and First Red Scare • Chicago (July-August) • Blacks react to stoning of young man • Omaha (September) • Brutal lynching of William Brown

  12. Postwar AmericaFirst Red Scare • Causes • War Propaganda • Overman Committee • Russian Revolution • Strikes and Riots • Targets • Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies • 1919 Bombings • Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer • Palmer Raids • Deportations

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