1 - Lecture An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. 1 - Lecture An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Learning Outcomes • 1-1 Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology. • 1-3 Define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologia Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology). • 1-4 Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline.

3. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body • Learning Outcomes • 1-6 Explain the concept of homeostasis. • 1-7 Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation, and explain the significance of homeostasis.

4. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Classification of Living Things Humans and many other animals are vertebrates Characterized by a segmented vertebral column Common characteristics suggest the same path in evolution Homeostasis The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment

5. 1-1 Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect Your Life • Anatomy • Is the oldest medical science • 1600 B.C. • Physiology • Is the study of function • Biochemistry • Biology • Chemistry • Genetics

6. 1-3 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – meaning to cut apart or dissect • Describes the structures of the body • What they are made of • Where they are located • Associated structures • Physiology • Is the study of: • Functions of anatomical structures • Individual and cooperative functions

7. 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures • Surface anatomy: exterior features • Regional anatomy: body areas • Systemic anatomy: organ systems • Developmental anatomy: from conception to death • Clinical anatomy:medical specialties

8. 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules • Cytology: study of cells and their structures • cyt- = cell • Histology: study of tissues and their structures

9. 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology • Physiology • Cell physiology: processes within and between cells • Organ physiology: functions of specific organs • Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system • Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

10. 1-6 Homeostasis • Homeostasis • All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment • Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

11. 1-6 Homeostasis • Mechanisms of Regulation • Autoregulation(intrinsic) • Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change • Extrinsic regulation • Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

12. 1-6 Homeostasis • Receptor • Receives the stimulus • Control center • Processes the signal and sends instructions • Effector • Carries out instructions

13. Figure 1-2 The Control of Room Temperature RECEPTOR Informationaffects Normalconditiondisturbed Thermometer STIMULUS:Room temperaturerises CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Airconditionerturns on Airconditionerturns off Normal roomtemperature RESPONSE:Room temperaturedrops 20° 30° 40° Normalrange Room temperature (°C) 22 Normalconditionrestored EFFECTOR Sendscommandsto Air conditionerturns on Time In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat(the control center) triggers an effector response (either an air condi-tioner or a heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case,when room temperature rises above the set point, the thermostatturns on the air conditioner, and the temperature returns to normal. With this regulatory system, roomtemperature fluctuates around theset point.

14. 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • The Role of Negative Feedback • The response of the effector negates the stimulus • Body is brought back into homeostasis • Normal range is achieved

15. Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature RECEPTORS Informationaffects Temperaturesensors in skinandhypothalamus Normaltemperaturedisturbed CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS:Body temperaturerises HOMEOSTASIS Thermoregulatorycenter in brain Vesselsdilate,sweatingincreases Vesselsconstrict,sweatingdecreases Normal bodytemperature RESPONSE:Increased heat loss,body temperaturedrops 37.2 EFFECTORS Normaltemperaturerestored Normalrange Body temperature (°C) Sendscommandsto 37 • Sweat glands in skin increase secretion• Blood vessels in skin dilate 36.7 Time Events in the regulation of body temperature, which arecomparable to those shown in Figure 12. A control centerin the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostatwith a set point of 37°C. If body temperature exceeds37.2°C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flowto the skin and increased sweating. The thermoregulatory center keepsbody temperature fluctuatingwithin an acceptable range, usuallybetween 36.7 and 37.2°C.

16. 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • The Role of Positive Feedback • The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus • Body is moved away from homeostasis • Normal range is lost • Used to speed up processes

17. Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting Clottingaccelerates Positivefeedbackloop Blood clot Chemicals Chemicals The chemicals start chainreactions in which cells,cell fragments, andsoluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. Damage to cells in theblood vessel wall releaseschemicals that begin theprocess of blood clotting. As clotting continues,each step releaseschemicals that furtheraccelerate the process. This escalating processis a positive feedbackloop that ends with theformation of a blood clot,which patches the vesselwall and stops the bleeding.

18. 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback • Systems Integration • Systems work together to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium • Opposing forces are in balance • Dynamic equilibrium —continual adaptation • Physiological systems work to restore balance • Failure results in disease or death

19. Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation

20. The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ________ anatomy.

21. Gross • Surface • Systemic • Regional • surgical

22. B) Surface

23. Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST?

24. A) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism B) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism C) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism D) organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

25. E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

26. The kidneys and ureters are organs of the ________ system.

27. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic

28. D) urinary

29. The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed ?

30. positive feedback. • homeostasis. • C) negative feedback. • D) effector control. • E) integration.

31. B) homeostasis.

32. An anatomical term that means the same as ventral:

33. posterior • inferior • C) abdominal • D) anterior • E) superior

34. D) anterior

35. An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be ?

36. A) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. B) sweat glands that increase secretion. C) regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. D) effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. E) sweat glands that act like effectors.

37. A) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus.