Higher Germany Issue1

1. Higher Germany Issue1

2. Issue 1: An evaluation of the reasons for the growth of nationalism in Germany, 1815–50(aka why Nationalism grew) • Economic factors; the Zollverein; • Cultural factors/Role of the Liberals. • Military weakness/ Napoleonic Wars; • Effects of French Revolution

3. OVERVIEW Issues1-3 • GERMANY- SEPARATE • NAPOLEON- 400 STATES- 39 (CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE) • NAPOLEON GONE- BUND • AUSTRIA- ANTRI NATIONALIST • PRUSSIA- POWERFUL FREDRICK WILHELM(FR) • 1848 REVOLUTION- DESIRE FOR CHANGE. RESULT FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT, FR TO LEAD- DISPUTES. CRUMBLE. OLD PRINCES RETURN TO POWER. • ERFURT UNION- FR TRIES TO HEAD UP A UNITED GERMANY. AUSTRIA SAYS NO, FR BACKS DOWN AT THE TREATY OF OLMUTZ.

4. Introduction

5. What was ‘Germany’? • Germany was not one country until 1871 • Instead it was made up of lots of small independent states • We need to find out how it became a united country – what factors were involved?

6. Germany before 1815

7. Nationalism • For a country to be united, its people need to feel nationalistic • What is nationalism, or to feel nationalistic?

8. Nationalism is ….. the belief that people sharing the same language and culture should be ruled by their own government. It is a feeling of loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation During the C19th and 20th nationalism was a concept which developed in several countries, including Germany. It was such a powerful force that it could unite many different countries into one nation

9. Which is True or False Nationalism has been a cause of war? Nationalism has been the cause of some terrorist activity around the world? Nationalism has been the cause of some colonies seeking independence from their Rulers?

10. Nationalism has been a cause of war? World War I and II Nationalism has been the cause of some terrorist activity around the world? IRA, ETA, Nationalism has been the cause of some colonies seeking independence from their Rulers? India, many African countries, Indonesia Overall, nationalism is a very potent and powerful force

11. Nationalism task Read the hand out on the Growth of Nationalism – use your own words to make notes on • What makes one nation unique from others • What is ‘essential’ in the definition of a nation • Who / what did people used to be loyal to • When did people begin to give their loyalty to their nation • What event was of great importance in this

12. COPY OF NATIONALISM HANDOUT. • NATIONALISM Definition: It is a difficult concept to define but a good definition is the belief that belonging to a nation is more important than belonging to a town, province, class, social group or religious group, and that the nation should do everything in its power to defend its interests and identity. So, in a way it’s a ‘state of mind’ inspiring a large majority of people who share a common culture, language, religion, history and defined territorial area. Reasons for the growth of nationalism in Europe, early 19th century: Before the 19th century, most people’s loyalty tended to be towards a monarch, religion or, more likely to a landlord. Countries had been exchanged by conquest or inheritance with little regard to the preference of their inhabitants. In the 19th century, more loyalty was given to the nation. The French Revolution of 1789-1799 and the subsequent Napoleonic Empire was of great importance in fostering this development. Napoleon indirectly supported the rise of nationalism by abolishing many of the smaller states of the Holy Roman Empire which were feudal barriers in the way of national unity. The American Wars of Independence in the 1770’s also influenced people’s courage to overthrow an oppressor. The writings of philosophers, intellectuals and poets enlightened people on their rights and of their history. The Romantic Movement was an important cultural movement in this regard.    Thus by 1815, the idea of Nationalism was widely understood in Europe. However, it was not a strongly held idea and to many of the monarchs who ruled Europe after the defeat of Napoleon, it was something to be destroyed. They wanted to make sure the devastation and disruption following the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars would never again happen. They met at Vienna in 1815.

13. Background info • Use the hand outs/p.6/7 of the gold textbook. • Read as a class the situation of ‘Germany’ in 1815.

14. How Nationalism Grew We will see 3 types of nationalism beginning to grow in Germany: • Political Nationalism Some people wanted a single German government to represent them and wanted more say in the running of their country • Cultural Nationalism Some people wanted to be united with others who they shared things in common with – language, traditions, national dress ….. • Economic Nationalism Some people believed that if the states worked together then they’d be more financially better off

16. Economic factors; the Zollverein;

17. Economic Factors • Population growth • 1816 – 25 million • 1845 – 34 million • Growth of towns (urbanisation) • 1815 only 10% of Germans lived in towns • By 1840s about 30% lived in towns • Growth of industry (industrialisation) • 1815 industry made up of small workshops, many still in rural locations. • By 1840s large cotton mills, iron and engineering works appearing MORE PEOPLE LED TO A GROWTH OF COMMUNICATION.

18. The Zollverein • Prussia acquired the Rhineland in 1815 • This gave a huge boost to her economy However this was hindered by several factors: • All states applied taxes to goods entering their territory • Furthermore, all the different states had different weights and measures systems, different currencies and different taxes • Prussian businessmen wanted to change this to maximise their profits • The Prussian Customs Union was set up in 1818

19. The Zollverein The red line is the border of the Bund

20. Economic Factors • In 1815, Prussia gained coal and iron resources and access to the River Rhine. • To encourage trade Prussia formed a customs union in 1818 that by the 1830s was called the Zollverein. • The Zollverein was a prototype of a ‘united Germany’ under Prussian control that excluded Austria – Kleindeutschland. • The Zollverein also helped Nationalism to spread. • The new railway network, centred in Prussia, also helped to bring German states together. • William Carr has called the Zollverein “The mighty lever of German unification.” • By 1836, 25 of the 39 German states had joined this economic free-trade area (Austria was excluded). • They enabled the transport and exploitation of German natural resources. Economic co-operation between German states encouraged those seeking a political solution to the issue of German unity.

21. Economic Developments notes • Read Blue P.109-110 or Gold p. 13-17 • Summarise in your own words • What the Zollverein was • Who joined and when • Summarise why Prussia set it up • Summarise Austria’s exclusion from the Zollverein • use the table on p.13 (gold) or p.109-110 (blue) to create a graph which shows Germanys expansion.

22. The Zollverein The Zollverein was important because: • Prussia’s control of the Zollverein put them at the heart of the German states. • The rail network was developed putting Prussia again at the centre. • This rail system would later be used for Prussian controlled wars in Bismarck’s wars of unity. • Prussia became increasingly stronger economically • Austria was not in the Zollverein – becoming isolated • It set the example of working together economically and a precedent for working together politically in a Prussian controlled united Germany. • This appealed to everyone!

23. Timed paragraph • How important was the Zollverein in the growth of Nationalism in Germany? • 9minutes.

24. Cultural factors/ the role of the liberals .

25. Cultural NationalismNational feeling grew significantly through a shared culture

26. Cultural Factors • Fichte described ‘Germany’ as the fatherland where all people spoke the same language and sang the same songs. • German poets and authors, such as the Grimm brothers, and composers such as Beethoven, encouraged feelings of national pride in the German states. • However GoloMann (HISTORIAN) wrote that most Germans ‘seldom looked up from the plough’. He doubted the influence of artists most Germans knew nothing about. • In 1830 anti-French feelings promoted ‘the watch on the Rhine’ and nationalist festivals such as Hambach (1832) also encouraged nationalist feelings.

27. Common Features of the German States Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) Initiated the Protestant Reformation. Translated the Bible into German from Latin. The basis for a common German language known as‘High German’ Language

28. Literature The Brothers Grimm 1785 - 1863 They are among the best-known story tellers of folk tales from Europe, and their work popularized such tales as "Rumpelstiltskin", "Snow White", "Sleeping Beauty", "Rapunzel", "Cinderella", "Hansel and Gretel", Goethe: 1749 – 1832 writer, poet, playwright. Famous for play: Faust

29. Philosophy Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Creators of the Communist Manifesto 1848. Fathers of communist economics and ideology. Immanuel Kant 1724 - 1804 he believed that all people are fundamentally rational beings For instance, holding the maxim kill anyone who annoys you and applying it universally would result in a world which would soon be devoid of people and without anyone left to kill. Thus holding this maxim is irrational as it ends up being impossible to hold it.

30. Music Famous composers between 1750 - 1825 Johann Sebastian Bach Ludwig van Beethoven Brahms Handel Mendelsson Strauss Wagner

31. Summary • 25 million spoke the same language – ideas were shared • United by language, it was felt they should be united politically • Poets like Goethe and Heine praised the nation state • Writers and musicians were inspired by the idea of a Great Germany – the Brothers Grimm + Beethoven • The Princes of the 39 states originally stirred up nationalism to drive out the French from their states • Universities helped to promote national feeing – Bonn, Berlin and Munich especially

32. The Romantic Movement This period of time, 1800 – 1830s, where the Arts prospered and encouraged nationalism to grow, was called the Romantic Movement. Nationalist feelings were beginning to be expressed by some groups of Germans in the states. Their enthusiasm was of the ‘romantic’ kind – this meant they had no clear ideas of how to unify Germany into on Great country

33. Cultural Factors • 1817 The Wartburg Festival, Saxony. • 500 students got together to celebrate the 4th anniversary of the defeat of Napoleon. • Demonstrations against undemocratic government in Germany and Austrian interference in Germany. • Burned books of anti-nationalist authors. • Burned effigy of Metternich • 1819 a student murdered anti-liberal writer, Kotzebue

34. Cultural Factors • Response of Metternich to Wartburg demos: • The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819. (draconian) • Strict censorship of the press introduced in Germany • Student societies suppressed • Political meetings banned • Liberal university teachers sacked • Student leaders imprisoned

35. Cultural Factors summary • Conclusion • The importance of cultural nationalism in the growth of nationalism • Promoted the idea that there was a common German identity • Was never strong enough to unite Germany • Limited to intellectuals and middle class (low numbers) • Not well organised • No military strength • Did not appeal to the masses (working class)

36. Read blue p82 – 85 (up to heading) or Gold p.9-12 Make notes on: • Main unifying force and effect of it - you should mention Fichte’s quote – P83 • What does Stiles suggest about nationalism • What originally encouraged people to be nationalist • Where were nationalists feelings first expressed and by whom • The Burschenschaften – Examples of who encouraged nationalism and how

37. Karlsbadd Decrees • You will soon read about these. These were laws to prevent cultural nationalism of students. Metternich (the Austrian Chancellor) wanted to stop nationalism in Germany (Austria had a big empire herself) so he passed laws to stop some student organisations, sack professors who were teaching radical/nationalist views and censor papers. • This helped prevent Nationalism (but we will look at this in more detail in issue 2)

38. Karlsbadd Decrees • Overview: • After 1815, Metternich became worried about the growth of student societies, many of which supported Liberalism and Nationalism. The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 tried to stop the spread of new ideas. At the same time, many Germans began to think in a more nationalist way and became more interested in their common culture. This was called Cultural Nationalism • KarlsbadDecrees • After 1815 many students criticised Metternich’s power and embraced nationalism. The students went around the universities spreading their ideas. Metternich’s effigy was burned at a festival and he became worried about these nationalist and liberal ideas spreading and weakening Austria’s power. In 1819, the Karlsbad Decrees, passed by the Diet of the German Confederation, banned student societies and censored newspapers. Metternich may have driven these societies underground but their will was strengthened. • Cultural Nationalism • German poets, authors and composers, for example the brothers Grimm and Beethoven, were beginning to encourage feelings of national pride in the German states through their work. There was little that Metternich could do about this. One important academic, Johann Fichte who was the head of the University of Berlin up to his death in1818, spoke about how Germans should recognise a broad national identity. He called Germany the ‘Fatherland’ and spoke about Germans living without interference from foreign powers. Fichte’s prominent position in Germany meant his statements were influential. However, it is important to remember that the impact of this cultural nationalism was largely limited to educated Germans.

39. Cultural Nationalism • Why this is less important that economic nationalism? • Use p. 85-86 (blue) and p. 11-12 (gold) and make up a table of evidence: (Remember Golo Mann (HISTORIAN) wrote that most Germans ‘seldom looked up from the plough’.)

40. Essay practice • Get a copy of the Cultural Nationalism paragraph from Miss Glynn and glue this into your notes. • Get 3 different colour highlighters and in the paragraph highlight: • Argument that the topic (cultural nationalism) was important • Evidence • Argument that the topic (cultural nationalism) was not the most important.

41. Social changes • The growth of the population, industrialisation and urbanisation, created a large, discontented urban working class • Appalling working and living conditions led to social unrest and demands for political reform. • Improvements in transport made people more aware of the wider world. • The development of industry led to the growth of a wealthy middle class. They had economic power but no politcal power. They pressed for political reform and saw unification as the only way forward.

42. The peasants who lived in the countryside were unhappy with demands for higher rents from their landlords. They also had to work harder to produce more food for a growing population The urban working class who lived in the towns and cities were unhappy with shortages of food, increasing prices, wage cuts and unemployment = a drop in their standard of living These 2 groups simply wanted to survive and demanded an improvement in their living standards. They DID NOT demand any political change The middle class were frustrated by a lack of professional jobs and their lack of power and influence They demanded the creation of a united Germany and more political say All of the groups demanded CHANGE

43. Liberals- Allies of nationalism • The educated middle-class had become important to German society. They were the doctors, lawyers and business men, who helped make the German states prosperous. Across all 39 states, this middle-class wanted more rights and freedoms as German subjects to reflect their contribution to German states' success. • They wanted freedom of speech and an elected parliament that would represent their interests. • They thought these ideals would best be realised and protected in a united Germany with a new constitution. • By 1859, groups of doctors, lawyers, teachers and businessmen formed the Nationalverein. This organisation became the Liberal Party, which actively campaigned for reforms such as parliamentary elections.

44. Who promoted a United Germany? • Middle class - Nationalism was very much a middle class theory which was not widespread • The Intelligencia – intelligent educated people • Students – Bonn, Berlin, Munich • Professors – who encouraged students to be ‘nationalist’ BUT, not everyone felt nationalist – it was very much a middle class movement The nationalism experienced in Germany at this time was therefore NOT going to lead to a unified Germany by itself

45. The Limited Nature of Nationalism • Ordinary Workers were not concerned by nationalism WHY? • Uneducated people didn’t consider a united Germany WHY?

46. They had other priorities – food, shelter, day to day survival They simply wanted an improvement to their standard of living and didn’t equate that with nationalism Many were illiterate and couldn’t access or understand the poetry, literature, concerts …and so on

47. Evidence of Working Class Involvement Historians suggest that there is some evidence that workers were beginning to take a real interest in politics and thinking about how they could improve their lives This shouldn’t be overestimated though Read last section of p85 (blue) p. 11(half way down the page GOLD) and summarise it You should make a note of Stiles’ quote and explain it

48. Summary limitations of Role of Liberals/Cultural Nationalism • Largely a middle/upper class ideal. • Need to be educated to understand it. • Stiles “Liberalism and Nationalism remained largely middle-class before 1848” • Carlsbad Decrees stifled some of the work of Nationalists.

49. Timed paragraph • How important was the role of the Liberals in the growth on Nationalism in Germany? • 9minutes.

50. Effects of French Revolution