Review of all interwar leaders

1. Review of all interwar leaders Communists and Fascists of the 20th Century

2. Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin took over Russia Led from 1917-1924

3. How did Lenin get back to Russia after being exiled? • Provisional Government (led by Kerensky) wanted an end to the war but was not willing to give into Germany’s demands and could not get Allied support that he needed. • Instead focused on a defensive war • Germany reacts by sending in more political dissenters (like Lenin) to support the Bolsheviks • During power Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which with withdraw Russia from WWI and give western lands to Germany

4. Russian Revolution- 1917 February/March Revolution A temporary (or provisional) government takes over. October/November Revolution Lenin overthrows the temporary government and takes over as the leader of Russia

5. Some changes that Lenin made: • Redistributed farmland • Moved the capital • Took control of banks and industry • Established Soviets (like unions) to discuss worker’s rights • Used propaganda and a secret police to keep loyalty

6. They created a new flag that symbolized a union between peasants and workers

7. Lenin started the New Economic Policy to try to change the economy-Allows for some foreign trade and private business -Moves away from strict communism towards modified capitalism

8. 1922 Lenin renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

10. STALIN 1879-1953 In office: 1922-1953 Became the TOTALITARIAN leader in 1928

11. JOSEPH STALIN • Born: IosebBesarionisdzeJughashvili • Changed name to Stalin = Man of Steel • 1928 in total control of Communist Party

12. Leon Trotsky • Stalin’s political competitor • He was forced into exile (in Mexico) by Stalin so that he could not be a threat • In 1940 Stalin’s agents killed him in Mexico with an ice pick.

13. Totalitarianism • A government that takes total control over EVERY aspect of public & private life. • Command Economy—the government make all economic decisions.

14. Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) • By 1921 decreasing industry • Russia was 50-100 years behind industrialized countries (like Britain and Germany) and if the Soviet Union did not catch up they would be conquered! • Low agricultural output • Ukrainian Famine • created by the government to crush Ukrainian nationalist • killed 5 million people! Problems for the USSR

15. Stalin’s reactions to these problems:

16. Five Year Plans(1928-32, 1933-37) • 5 year plans • High quotas to increase steel, coal, oil & electricity • It worked, industrial output skyrocketed • But government limited production of consumer goods to meet quotas • = Shortages in housing, food, clothing

17. Another solution…Collective Farming • USSR seized 25 million farms • Combined them into collective farms • 100’s of families were living in one large farm • No privacy, easier for government to control • 5-10 million died • Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resisted (They were executed)

18. Weapons of Totalitarianismused by Stalin to fix Russia and keep control • Police Terror • Secret police arrested & executed MILLIONS of so-called traitors • Gulags-Hard labor camps in Siberia

19. Weapons of Totalitarianism 2. Great Purges • Eliminate anyone who threatened Stalin’s power • Showed fake “Court Trials” to trick the public into thinking things were fair and necessary • Killed 8-13 millions people by 1939 • It is estimated that about 25 million were killed during Stalin’s rule!

20. More Weapons of Totalitarianism 3. Censorship & Propaganda • Communist Newspaper • Socialist Realism (art) • Artistic style that praised Soviet life & Communist Values

21. 4. Religious Persecution • Religion was labeled the “opium of the masses” and banned • Stalin had statues erected of himself, he became like a god to the people • Churches=Museums of Atheism

23. Il Duce Mussolini’s Rise to Power

24. What was Italy like during the 1920s & 1930s? Democracies had been weakened by WWI and Great Depression Many workers are crippled by WWI or unemployed Italy feels cheated by Versailles Treaty Many businessmen are worried about the communists seizing power Led by a King-Victor Emmanuel III

25. Who was Benito Mussolini? Son of a Communist blacksmith and a school teacher Named after Mexican Revolutionary

26. Continued… • Communist Newspaper editor • Good student but unable to stay in school due to his violence • WWI veteran (wounded himself with a hand grenade) • Mussolini was a politician who founded the Fascist Party in 1919

27. What is Fascism? • Fascism: • Political Party that advocates: • totalitarianism • extreme Nationalism • the State is more important than the individual • but doesn’t call for state ownership of property

28. Action over thinking • Community spirit/Nationalism • Militarism • The future • One political party • Violence Fascism emphasizes:

29. What changes did Mussolini promise?: He promised : 1. To revive the economy and rebuild the Armed Forces Wanted to rebuild Italy into the Roman Empire 2. To be Anti-communistand anti-democratic

30. How does he seize power? 1922- 30,000 to 40,000 Fascists march from Milan to Rome and demanded that Mussolini be named Prime Minister of Italy. The King of Italy was worried that the Fascist would start a civil war so he agreed Mussolini therefore took power “legally.”

32. What did Mussolini do while in power? Outlawed strikes Censored the press Allied with industrialists and large land owners Built a strong military Started public works project to help during the Depression Secret police jailed opposition leaders

35. Adolf Hitler The road from Vienna to the Führer of Germany

36. Post WWI government in Germany • Technically a republic with democratic ways • But… • Very weak • Unable to fix the economy • Make it worse by printing more money • Leaders that people do not support Weimar Republic

37. Son of an abusive Austrian official. • Dropped out of high school and moved to Vienna. • Wanted to be an artist. • Was denied entry into the Imperial Art Academy(twice). • Lived off of his dead fathers inheritance. • Listened to many Anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) speakers • During WWI, moved to Munich, Germany and joined the Army. • Was a runner and achieved the rank of corporal. • received two Iron Crosses for bravery. • Feels cheated at Germany’s loss and blames the Weimar Republic Hitler’s background

38. Hired as an internal spy by the Army • Hitler spies on then joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) • Nazi’s mimicked much of the ideas of Fascist Italy • High unemployment rate and sky rocketing inflation made Hitler’s ideas very appealing to the middle and lower middle classes. • Established the SA or Brown Shirts, Nazi thugs used to beat up foes Hitler took the party from a few dozen members to 55,000 by 1923. Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party

39. Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome • Hitler orders the Nazi to seize control of Munich, the plan fails • Hitler catches national attention at his trial. • Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in low security prison • He only serves 9 months Beer Hall Putsch, 1923

40. Hitler’s goals/ideals: • Racial Purity • Aryans = “master race” those of Germanic decent, blond hair and blue eyes • non-Aryans = “inferior or subhuman races” = Jews, Slavs and Gypsies • Denouncement of the Versailles Treaty • Lebensraum: • living space, Hitler called for an invasion of Russia to allow the German race to grow • The twin evils: • Communism and Judaism, and he stated that his aim was to eradicate both from the face of the earth Mein Kampf

41. Released from jail in 1924 but ignored because the economy was getting better • New Plan: Legal Revolution, work with the Right against the Left • Nazi’s became a national party in 1929 and had 800,000 members by 1932 • 1932, • Great Depression at it worst • Germany 30% unemployment (6 million) • Hitler’s Nazi Party won greatest # of seats in the government • Hitler is named Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister) New plan to get to power

42. 1933: Hoping to increase his number of seats in the Parliament, Hitler calls a for new election. • Six days before the elections the Reichstag (House of Parliament) is set on fire, • the Nazis blame the communists (many historians think that the Nazis set the fire) and the Nazis win a slim majority. • Enabling Act 1934 • With a majority Hitler asks to be given total control of the country for 4 years only one deputy spoke out against it. Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor

43. How he changed Economics: Banned Strikes and dissolved labor unions Government took control over businesses Started many government jobs that put millions to work building public works (highways aka the autobahn, bridges, etc.) and weapons

44. Economics continued: Hosted the 1936 Olympics Germany won many gold medals Controversy with Jesse Owens First African American to compete Won 4 gold medals! Caused people to question the Aryan teachings He affirmed that individual excellence (not race or national origin) distinguishes one man from another

45. Hitler begins moving his military and invading surrounding countries • The League of Nations wants to stop him but has no force or authority to do so • They instill a policy called “Appeasement” which gives in to Hitler’s demands • Why did they do this? • Why was it unsuccessful? Preview to WWII Unit…

47. Until 1931 Spain was a monarchy • In 1931 a republic was established, run by socialist and liberals (called “Republicans”). • Spain was facing many problems, especially during the economic depression. • 1936 a revolt began in favor of a fascist government, led by General Francisco Franco and supported by army leaders. Spanish Civil War1936-1939

49. Led China as the Leader from 1949-76 • Led the Communist Party starting in 1929 • Grew up in a peasant family Mao Zedong

50. Led the Communists in the Civil War against the Nationalists • Created the People’s Republic of China • Tactics used: • Sent opposition to labor camps • Long March • 5 Year Plans (like Stalin) to get China up to speed with industry and agriculture • Government sponsored education with communist teachings • Communist China focused on a peasant revolt NOT a worker revolt (different than Marxism) Civil War and Communists take-over