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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Innate Immune Response The Immune System Adaptive Immune Response Antibodies Disruptions in the Immune System ] The Immune System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Immune System > Innate Immune Response Innate Immune Response • Innate Immune Response • Physical and Chemical Barriers • Pathogen Recognition • Natural Killer Cells • The Complement System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/innate-immune-response-233/

  6. The Immune System > Adaptive Immune Response Adaptive Immune Response • Antigen-presenting Cells: B and T cells • Humoral Immune Response • Cell-Mediated Immunity • Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Mucosal Surfaces • Immunological Memory • Regulating Immune Tolerance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/adaptive-immune-response-234/

  7. The Immune System > Antibodies Antibodies • Antibody Structure • Antibody Functions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/antibodies-235/

  8. The Immune System > Disruptions in the Immune System Disruptions in the Immune System • Immunodeficiency • Hypersensitivities Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-immune-system-42/disruptions-in-the-immune-system-236/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. The Immune System Key terms • affinitythe attraction between an antibody and an antigen • antibodya protein produced by B-lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen • antigena substance that binds to a specific antibody; may cause an immune response • antigena substance that binds to a specific antibody; may cause an immune response • autoantibodyan antibody formed in response to an agent (autoantigen) produced by the organism itself • aviditythe measure of the synergism of the strength individual interactions between proteins • B cella lymphocyte, developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is responsible for the immune system • B cella lymphocyte, developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is responsible for the immune system • ciliuma hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism), which serves either for locomotion by moving or as sensors • complement systeman aspect of the innate immune system that supplements the actions of the antibodies and phagocytic cells in clearing out pathogens from an organism • cytokineany of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system; they are released upon binding of PRRs to PAMPS • cytokineany of various small regulatory proteins that regulate the cells of the immune system; they are released upon binding of PRRs to PAMPS Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Immune System • cytotoxic T cella subgroup of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that are capable of inducing death to infected somatic or tumor cells; part of cell-mediated immunity • effector cella plasma B cell or cytotoxic T cell, which are the main types of cells responsible for the humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively • epitopethat part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) that is the target of an immune response; the part of the antigen recognized by the immune system • histaminean amine that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions • immune systemthe system that differentiates self from non-self and protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing an immune response • immunodeficiencya depletion in the body's natural immune system, or in some component of it • immunoglobulinany of the glycoproteins in blood serum that respond to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by removing pathogens; also known as an antibody • lympha colorless, watery, bodily fluid carried by the lymphatic system, consisting mainly of white blood cells • lymphocytea type of white blood cell or leukocyte that is divided into two principal groups and a null group: B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells • lysisthe disintegration or destruction of cells • macrophagea white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink; part of the innate immune system • major histocompatibility complexa protein present on the extracellular surface of the cell that displays portions of the proteins that are degraded inside the cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Immune System • MHCan acronym for major histocompatibility complex; these extracellular protein receptors display antigens derived from extracellular (class I) or intracellular (class II) proteins and other biomolecules • microbicidalfunctioning to reduce the infectivity of microbes • mucous membranea membrane which secretes mucus; it forms the lining of body passages that contact the air, such as the respiratory and genitourinary tracts including the mouth, nasal passages, vagina and urethra • opsonizationthe process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte • opsonizeto make (bacteria or other cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes by use of opsonins • pathogenany organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi • phagocytea cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria, and waste materials • phagocytosisthe process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm • self-antigenantigens (substances that bind to antibodies) that are usually well tolerated by the immune system, which has been educated to non-reactivity against the structures • T cella lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognize specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells • T cella lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognize specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells • vaccinationinoculation in order to protect against a particular disease or strain of disease; causes a primary immune response without illness, allowing the secondary response to destroy subsequent infection Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Immune System SLE and autoimmunity Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by autoimmunity to the individual's own DNA and/or proteins, which leads to varied dysfunction of the organs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Disruptions in the Immune System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44831/latest/Figure_42_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. The Immune System Vaccination Vaccines, often delivered by injection into the arm, result in a secondary immune response if the vaccinated individual is later exposed to that pathogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_11.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. The Immune System MALT tissue The topology and function of intestinal MALT is shown. Pathogens are taken up by M cells in the intestinal epithelium and excreted into a pocket formed by the inner surface of the cell. The pocket contains antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which engulf the antigens, then present them with MHC II molecules on the cell surface. The dendritic cells migrate to an underlying tissue called a Peyer's patch. Antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells aggregate within the Peyer's patch, forming organized lymphoid follicles. There, some T cells and B cells are activated. Other antigen-loaded dendritic cells migrate through the lymphatic system where they activate B cells, T cells, and plasma cells in the lymph nodes. The activated cells then return to MALT tissue effector sites. IgA and other antibodies are secreted into the intestinal lumen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 13, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  16. The Immune System Mechanisms of antibody action Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding to its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. The Immune System Antibody affinity, avidity, and cross reactivity (a) Affinity refers to the strength of single interactions between antigen and antibody, while avidity refers to the strength of all interactions combined. (b) An antibody may cross-react with different epitopes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. The Immune System Neutrophils and eosinophils In this compound light micrograph, purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right) are white blood cells that float among red blood cells in this blood smear. Neutrophils provide an early, rapid, and nonspecific defense against invading pathogens. Eosinophils play a variety of roles in the immune response. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44817/latest/Figure_42_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. The Immune System Lymphocytes Lymphocytes, such as NK cells, are characterized by their large nuclei that actively absorb Wright stain and, therefore, appear dark colored under a microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. The Immune System Formation of memory B cells and plasma cells After initially binding an antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR), a B cell internalizes the antigen and presents it on MHC II. A helper T cell recognizes the MHC II–antigen complex and activates the B cell. As a result, memory B cells and plasma cells are made. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_09.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. The Immune System Primary versus secondary immune response In the primary response to infection, antibodies are secreted first from plasma cells. Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, memory cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells that output a greater amount of antibody for a longer period of time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/Figure_42_02_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Immune System Allergens This image shows an example of an allergic response to ragweed pollen. On first exposure to an allergen, an IgE antibody is synthesized by plasma cells in response to a harmless antigen. The IgE molecules bind to mast cells. On secondary exposure, the mast cells release histamines and other modulators that affect the symptoms of allergy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Disruptions in the Immune System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44831/latest/Figure_42_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. The Immune System Cilia up close Cilia are a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells. In the innate immune system, they serve to move pathogens out of the respiratory system via a concerted sweeping motion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bronchiolar epithelium 3 - SEM."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronchiolar_epithelium_3_-_SEM.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. The Immune System B cell receptors B cell receptors are embedded in the membranes of B cells and bind a variety of antigens through their variable regions, or antibodies. The signal transduction region transfers the signal into the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Immune Response. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/View on Boundless.com

  25. The Immune System Complement cascade in the innate immune response The classic pathway for the complement cascade involves the attachment of several initial complement proteins to an antibody-bound pathogen, followed by rapid activation and binding of many more complement proteins and the creation of destructive pores in the microbial cell envelope and cell wall. The alternate pathway does not involve antibody activation. Rather, C3 convertase spontaneously breaks down C3. Endogenous regulatory proteins prevent the complement complex from binding to host cells. Pathogens lacking these regulatory proteins are lysed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Immune System Lymphatic system (a) Lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body. The liquid passes through (b) lymph nodes that filter the lymph that enters the node through afferent vessels, leaving through efferent vessels. Lymph nodes are filled with lymphocytes that purge infecting cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  27. The Immune System Spleen in the lymphatic system The spleen functions to immunologically filter the blood and allow for communication between cells corresponding to the innate and adaptive immune responses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  28. The Immune System T cell by SEM This scanning electron micrograph shows a T lymphocyte. T and B cells are indistinguishable by light microscopy, but can be differentiated experimentally by probing their surface receptors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  29. The Immune System T cell receptors (TCRs) A T cell receptor spans the membrane and projects variable binding regions into the extracellular space to bind processed antigens via MHC molecules on APCs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Immune Response. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/View on Boundless.com

  30. The Immune System Innate immune response to cuts In response to a cut, mast cells secrete histamines that cause nearby capillaries to dilate. Neutrophils and monocytes leave the capillaries. Monocytes mature into macrophages. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages release chemicals to stimulate the inflammatory response. Neutrophils and macrophages also consume invading bacteria by phagocytosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. The Immune System Interferon release Interferons are cytokines that are released by a cell infected with a virus. The response of neighboring cells to interferons helps stem the infection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Immune System Cells involved in the innate immune system The immune system has specific cells whose job is to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The characteristics and location of cells involved in the innate immune system are described in this chart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. The Immune System Blood cells related to the innate immune response Cells of the blood include (1) monocytes, (2) lymphocytes, (3) neutrophils, (4) red blood cells, and (5) platelets. Leukocytes (1, 2, 3) are white blood cells that play an important role in the body's immune system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Innate Immune Response. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/Figure_42_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Immune System Image of HIV: scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding (in green, color added) from cultured lymphocyte Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of HIV. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."HIV-budding-Color."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIV-budding-Color.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. The Immune System Antibodies (a) As a germ-line B cell matures, an enzyme called DNA recombinase randomly excises V and J segments from the light chain gene. Splicing at the mRNA level results in further gene rearrangement. As a result, (b) each antibody has a unique variable region capable of binding a different antigen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. The Immune System Classes of antibodies Immunoglobulins (antibody classes) have different functions, but all are composed of light and heavy chains that form a Y-shaped structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Antibodies. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/Figure_42_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. The Immune System B cell receptors B cell receptors, containing antibodies (termed antigen-binding site in the picture) are embedded in the membranes of B cells and bind a variety of antigens through their variable regions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  38. The Immune System Methods by which antibodies inhibit infection Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  39. The Immune System APCs, MHCs and lymphocytes An antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a macrophage, engulfs a foreign antigen, partially digests it in a lysosome, and then embeds it in an MHC class II molecule for presentation at the cell surface. Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response must interact with antigen-embedded MHC class II molecules to mature into functional immune cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  40. The Immune System Helper T cells in the immune response A helper T cell becomes activated by binding to an antigen presented by an APC via the MHCII receptor, causing it to release cytokines. Depending on the cytokines released, this activates either the humoral or the cell-mediated immune response. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/View on Boundless.com

  41. The Immune System Attribution • Wiktionary."immune system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immune_system • Wiktionary."pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44817/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."microbicidal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microbicidal • Wiktionary."cilium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cilium • Wikipedia."Innate immune system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 4, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."phagocytosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phagocytosis • Wiktionary."macrophage."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macrophage • Wiktionary."cytokine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytokine • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."T cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/T_cell • Wiktionary."major histocompatibility complex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/major+histocompatibility+complex • Wiktionary."lymphocyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymphocyte • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."complement system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/complement_system Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  42. The Immune System • Wikipedia."opsonization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/opsonization • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44820/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."T cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/T_cell • Wiktionary."B cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/B_cell • Wiktionary."antigen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ • Wikipedia."Major histocompatibility complex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex • Wikipedia."MHC class II."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II • Wiktionary."opsonize."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opsonize • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/mhc • Wiktionary."antibody."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibody • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."cytotoxic T cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytotoxic_T_cell • Wiktionary."cytokine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytokine • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."lymph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymph • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  43. The Immune System • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/effector-cell • Wiktionary."vaccination."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaccination • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 11, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."mucous membrane."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mucous_membrane • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/self-antigen • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 13, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44821/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Adaptive Immunity. December 12, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47434/latest/ • Wiktionary."B cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/B_cell • Wiktionary."epitope."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epitope • Wiktionary."antigen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigen • Wiktionary."immunoglobulin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunoglobulin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."avidity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avidity • Wiktionary."affinity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/affinity • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44823/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."lysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lysis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  44. The Immune System • Wiktionary."phagocyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phagocyte • Wiktionary."immunodeficiency."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunodeficiency • Wikipedia."HIV/AIDS."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44831/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."histamine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/histamine • Wiktionary."autoantibody."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autoantibody • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44831/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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