AGE OF EXPLORATION

1. AGE OF EXPLORATION

2. EUROPE IN 1400’S • European population had increased • Demand for Eastern goods is high • Most valued items were spices • Major source of spices was the Moluccas, an island chain in present-day Indonesia • Europeans will call them the Spice Islands

3. MOLUCCA’S SPICES • PEPPER • CLOVES • NUTMEG • CINNAMON

4. MOTIVES FOR SEEKING SPICES • Explorers want to find new trade routes to spices-Spice trade dominated by Italian and Muslim traders (land routes) • Europeans wanted to cut out the “Middleman” in Spice trade • Europeans wanted to convert non-Christians to Christianity • Wanted to learn about new lands

5. TECHNOLOGY • CARTOGRAPHERS—created more accurate maps and sea charts • ASTROLABE—find ship’s latitude at sea • MAGNETICCOMPASS—used to determine direction • SEXTANT—used to determine altitude of the sun or stars which could find latitude • CARAVEL—Portuguese ship design that used square sails and lateen (triangular) sails • STERNPOSTRUDDER—steering the ship

9. PORTUGUESE: LEADER IN AGE OF EXPLORATION • Prince Henry (the Navigator) wanted to find source of African gold, share in the slave trade and start a crusade with the Muslims in Africa—rumor was that PrestorJohn had built Christian kingdom in Africa • Established school of navigation at Sagres • Portuguese will discover Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Canary Islands • First to bring slaves from Africa to Europe in 1441

10. Portuguese Exploration cont. • By 1471 Portuguese in control of West African trade in gold— (Gold Coast) • 1488 Bartholomeu Dias will be the first to round the tip of southern Africa (Cape of Storms) • Returned to Portugal to report finding route around Africa to King John II—renamed Cape of Storms the Cape of Good Hope

11. In 1497 Vasco da Gama will be the first to sail around Africa then all the way to India • Voyage was very profitable—starts the Portuguese Empire in Asia

12. SPANISH EXPLORATION • In 1492 Christopher Columbus (Italian) will be given 3 ships by Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain • Believed he could sail West to reach the East • Problems included underestimation of the circumference of the earth and no knowledge of North and South America

14. COLUMBUS’ VOYAGE • Set sail on August 3, 1492 and will reach San Salvador (Bahamas) on October 12, 1492 • Believed he had reached the East Indies but had “discovered” the West Indies (New World) • Columbus called the natives Indians (why?)--first Europeans to be introduced to tobacco • Never found the vast amounts of gold or spices

15. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN DISPUTE • Spain and Portugal disputed each others claims • Pope Alexander VI settled dispute by drawing up Line of Demarcation • Treaty of Tordesillasmoved line further West which gave Portugal Brazil

16. OTHER EXPLORERS • Pedro Cabral (Portugal) landed in Brazil and claimed area for Portugal • Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) will say that Columbus had discovered a New World—German mapmakers will name new lands Americas • Vasco de Balboa will cross the Isthmus of Panama—discover South Seas (Pacific Ocean) • Juan Ponce de Leon will seek the mythical “Fountain of Youth”—explored Florida

17. VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN • Ferdinand Magellan will be the leader of the voyage that will be the first to circumnavigate the earth • Renamed the South Sea the Pacific Ocean • Many sailors suffered from scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C • Encountered islands that he called the Philippines where he gets killed

20. SEARCH FOR NORTHWEST PASSAGE • Other European nations (England, France, Dutch) will ignore Treaty of Tordesillas • Explorers searching for Northwest Passage an all water route through North America • John Cabot (Italian) sailing for the English explored the N. American coast from Delaware to Newfoundland (basis for England’s claim to N. America) • Henry Hudson (English) sailing for the Dutch explored river and bay that bears his name

22. Giovanni de Verrazano (Italian) sailing for the French explored the N. American coast from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia

23. Jacques Cartier (Frenchman) sailing for the French sailed up the St. Lawrence River claiming the area for France

24. PORTUGUESE EMPIRE • Six months after Da Gama’s return the Portuguese sent their fleet to India • Portuguese interested in obtaining spices • Arab (Muslim) traders tried to resist but Portuguese had mounted cannons on ships • In 1509 Afonso de Albuquerque, Portugal’s most able naval commander, began to establish Portugal’s empire in Asia (small trading posts) • Will use brutal and ruthless methods to gain control of area—wanted to control the strait of Malacca, gateway to the Spice Islands—control spice trade for over 100 years

26. Portuguese will face stiff competition for the spice trade—France, England and the Dutch were all seeking footholds in Asia • Dutch will be the most successful—established Dutch East India Company • First multinational corporation—firstto sell stocks—could wage wars, sign treaties, coin money, and imprison and execute • Dutch will attack Portuguese ships at every opportunity—eventually replaced the Portuguese in controlling spice trade • French and English will concentrate efforts in India—will become rivals in Asia

27. SPAINS CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS • Spanish quickly settled the islands of the Caribbean (Hispaniola, Cuba and Puerto Rico)—Cuba became the jumping off point for exploration of the New World • Relationship with native population changed—began to exploit the natives • Spanish crown granted conquistadors, conquerors the right to establish outposts in the New World • Motto became “God, glory and gold”

29. CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS • Expeditions sent out by governor, DiegoValasquez, from Cuba to explore Yucatan and Gulf of Mexico • Hernan Cortez was commissioned to explore, trade, and search for Christian captives—one of the first conquistadors or conquerors • Set sail from Cuba on Feb. 18, 1519—several artillery pieces, 16 horsemen, 500 or so infantry • Upon landing Cortez founded city of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz—goal became conquest of Mexico

30. Given young native woman named Malinche who will serve as his translator, advisor and later his mistress • Learned that many conquered natives hated the Aztecs because they practiced human sacrifice—main god was Huitzilopochtli, who symbolized the sun blazing at high noon • The sun, the source of all life, had to be kept moving in its orbit if darkness was not to overtake the world • To keep it moving the Aztecs believed it must be fed precious fluids----human blood • Aztec leader was Moctezuma (II)—thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, Aztec god

32. Cortes and his men allowed to enter the capital of Tenochtitlan • Relationship quickly broke down and Moctezuma was taken prisoner by Spanish • Aztecs rose up against Spanish—Moctezuma killed and Spanish forced to flee the city • Later returned with allies and destroyed the city—Mexico City built and became capital of New Spain

35. Francisco Pizarro will be inspired by Cortes • Will search for the Inca Civilization in Peru (Andes Mountains) • Arrived in 1532 and the Inca were just recovering from a civil war • Inca leader was Atahualpa who will be taken prisoner and held for ransom (13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000 pounds of silver) • Later murdered after paying ransom • Inca capital of Cuzco was taken—Pizarro later killed by own men

37. OTHER SPANISH CONQUISTADORS • Francisco Coronado will lead expedition in search of ElDorado—first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains • Hernando de Soto explored the Southeastern United States in search of gold—firstEuropeans to see the Mississippi River

40. REASONS FOR SPANISH SUCCESS AGAINST NATIVE POPULATION • Superior military technology—horse, cannons, muskets, and armor/metal helmets • Division and discontent among Natives—Spanish used hatred of conquered natives against Aztecs and Incas • Diseases severely weakened natives—small pox, chicken pox, measles etc. • Aztec and Inca convinced that the world was ending—gods had abandoned them—some will still resist

41. Diseases

42. SPANISH EMPIRE OF THE AMERICAS • Spanish empire stretched from California to South America—divided in to 5 provinces—NewSpain (Mexico) and Peru were the most important • Monarchy set up the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the colonies (located in Spain) • Viceroys ruled colonies in the monarchs name

43. RCC played major role in the Spanish colonies—convertingnatives to Christianity was very important to Spain • Missionaries (Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans) baptized natives whether they wanted it or not • RCC tried to change the culture of Native Americans (Spanish language and western clothing etc.) • Served the government and regulated activities of Spanish settlers

44. Strict regulation of economies of colonies • Colonies could only export items to Spain and could buy only Spanish goods (could not trade with other European countries or colonies in the Americas) • Spanish introduced sugar cane to West Indies (sugar, molasses, and rum) • Grown on plantations (large estates run by an owner or overseer) which required many workers • Cruel labor practices caused the death of many natives

45. Spanish government granted settlers encomiendas (the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans) • Used system to enslave Native Americans which caused population decline (mines and plantations) • Bartolome de lasCasas, Dominican priest condemned the treatment of natives—pleaded for laws to protect them • New Laws of the Indies passed in 1542 which allowed natives to grow crops and own cattle

46. Native Americans forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for landlord in order to pay off their debts • Las Casas encouraged the importation of Africans to fill labor shortage—1) immuneto tropical diseases 2) had skills in farming, mining and metal working 3) accustomed to working in heat • Las Casas later regretted suggestion and worked hard to help Africans

47. NEW SOCIAL ORDER IN THE SPANISH COLONIES • Peninsulares—Spanish born in Spain will dominate New Spain • Creoles—Spanish born in the New World—parents were peninsulares • Mestizos—were of Native American and Spanish ancestry • Mulattoes—were of African and Spanish ancestry • Zamboes were of African and Native ancestry • Not many Spanish women came to New World

48. PORTUGUESE IN THE NEW WORLD • Settlers exploited the land • Brazil wood exported • Settlers turned to plantation agriculture (sugar cane and cattle raising) • Millions of Africans sent to Brazil—more sent to Brazil than any other colony in New World • New culture developed which blended Portuguese, African and Native American

49. NORTH AMERICAN COLONIZATION

50. England, France and Dutch Netherlands will take very little interest in North America in the 1500s (lack of gold/silver) • Unable to find Northwest Passage • Dutch under the Dutch West India Company will establish colony called New Netherlands • Peter Minuit is named governor—great land purchase—Manhattan Island • Dutch granted large estates to patroons, wealthy landowners—eventually lost colony to English (New York)