World War I and Beyond Chapter 19

1. World War I and BeyondChapter 19 “What caused the United States to become involved in World War I, and how did the U.S. change as a result of its involvement?”

2. Standards • SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I. • SSUSH15.a • Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. • SSUSH15.b • Explain the domestic impact of World War I, reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, and the Espionage Act and socialist Eugene Debs. • SSUSH15.c • Explain Wilson's Fourteen Points, the proposed League of Nations. • SSUSH15.d • Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing women suffrage.

3. From Neutrality to WarSection 1 • “What caused World War I, and why did the United States enter the war?” • Vocabulary: Alsace-Lorraine casualty militarism contraband Francis Ferdinand U-boat William II Lusitania Western Front Zimmermann note

4. World War I

5. From Neutrality to War What Caused World War I? Main Idea: In the early 1900s, Nationalism in Europe led to competition among nations. As the conflict grew, countries expanded their militaries and formed alliances with other nations. The Fighting Begins Main Idea: After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, war broke out in Europe. Because of alliances between nations, the conflict spread quickly. New technology caused a stalemate, and led to a long and deadly war. Wilson Urges Neutrality Main Idea: Wilson hoped the United States could stay neutral during the war, but many Americans felt the war’s effects and were divided over where their loyalties fell. Neutrality Gives Way to War Main Idea: Wilson continued to try and stay neutral, but tension with Germany caused the United States to enter the war in 1917. Continued…

6. Key Words • Mobilization:readying of troops for war • Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary • Allies: Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain • Stalemate:a situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage • Autocrat:a ruler with unlimited power

7. Causes of the War • Imperialism:increased rivalries within Europe • Militarism:aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war • Nationalism:countries acted in their own interests and minorities wanted independence (Social Darwinism) • Alliances:countries agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack. • Assassination: Archduke Francis Ferdinand killed June 28, 1914

8. Assassination • Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie traveled to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia • After a terrorist bombing injured two officers, Gavrilo Princip shot them, starting World War I. • Austria-Hungary thought Serbia was behind the assassination and declared war. Russia began to mobilize, as did France, Russia’s ally. • Germany declared war on Russia. When Germany invaded Belgium, Great Britain entered.

9. Military Strength, 1914 CHART Chart: Military Strength 1914

10. Stalemate • Technology leads to stalemate: trench warfare; “no-man’s land” • 1914 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers • 1915 Italy joins Allies • Schlieffen Plan-German plan to strike France, then turn on Russia. They advance to within 30 miles of Paris, where the French and British stop them at the Marne.

11. “No-man’s Land”

16. Modern Warfare • Machine guns, hand grenades, poison gases, artillery shells • Old strategies – generals kept attacking, resulting in horrible casualties • Burned fields, poisoned wells, killed livestock • Submarines, blockades

17. Deadly Technology of World War I QUICK STUDY Quick Study: Deadly Technology of World War I

23. American Neutrality • Neutral to protect trade • Acted as peacemaker • Increased armed forces and began to prepare • Peace movement that consisted of former Populists, progressives, social reformers, and some women.

24. Reading Skill: Identify Causes NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Causes

25. Political Cartoons: The Question of Neutrality ANALYZE Political Cartoons: The Question of Neutrality

26. Britain Blockades Germany • Blockaded Germany to keep essential goods from them • Contraband goods (war materials) • Germany’s response was U-boat attacks to blockade Britain; Germans violate neutral rights

27. Lusitania 1915

28. Preparedness • Wilson wanted peace, but began to prepare for war • National Defense Act – expanded army • Naval Construction Act – build more warships

29. Germany Violates Sussex Pledge • On Feb. 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. • On Feb. 3, the U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, and Wilson asked Congress to allow armed merchant ships.

30. German U-Boat TRANSPARENCY Transparency: German U-Boat

31. Zimmermann Note • Secret offer from Germany to Mexico offering an alliance so Mexico could recover lost land in U.S. • Filibuster:senators talk and refuse to stop to prevent vote

32. U. S. Declares War • U-boat: Unterseeboot, submarine • Lusitania, a British passenger ship, sunk in 1915. It was carrying weapons for the Allies as well as 1,200 passengers, including 128 Americans. • Sussex, a French passenger ship sunk in 1916 • Sussex Pledge:German government promised to warn ships before attacking

33. War Resolution • Germany sinks U.S. ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia • April 6, 1917 War declared by Congress • “The world must be made safe for democracy” is a quote by Woodrow Wilson

34. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 1

35. The Home FrontSection 2 • “How did the war affect Americans at home?” • Vocabulary: Selective Service Act CPI Bernard Baruch George Creel conscientious objector Great Migration Espionage Act

36. The Home Front America Mobilizes for War Main Idea: To prepare the country for war, the government implemented a draft and created new federal administrative agencies to oversee the war effort. Opposition and Its Consequences Main Idea: At home, the United States dealt with Americans opposed to the war, harsh treatment of those against it, and prejudice against German Americans. The War Changes American Society Main Idea: When men entered the armed forces, Women moved into the workforce, African Americans moved north for a better life, and Mexicans crossed the border into the United States.

37. Key Words • Liberty Bond:special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause • Price controls:system of pricing determined by the government on food • Rationing:distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount • Daylight saving time:turning clocks ahead one hour for summer • Sedition:speech or actions encouraging rebellion • Vigilante:citizens who take the law into their own hands

38. Financing the War • Liberty Bonds raised $20 billion • Loaned $10 billion to Allies • Boy and Girl Scouts sold bonds • Poster and skits to advertise

39. War Economy • Industry converted to war goods • War Industries Board: under Bernard Baruch; regulated production; controlled raw materials, production, and prices • War Trade Board: punished firms dealing with enemy • National War Labor Boardsettled labor disputes

40. Economy • Food Administration under Herbert Hoover • Price controls • Rationing • Hoover chose voluntary restraint and efficiency; appealed to women • Daylight saving time instituted to save fuel needed to produce artificial light

41. Rising U.S. Production, 1915-1918 CHART Chart: Rising U.S. Production 1915-1918

42. Shaping Public Opinion • Committee of Public Information (CPI) • Agency to educate the public about causes of war and to convince Americans to support the war effort • George Creel – director • Distributed pamphlets and press releases

43. Political Radicals • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): goal of overthrowing capitalism • Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals • The goal of the Industrial Workers of the World was to overthrow capitalism. • Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals

44. Civil Liberties • Espionage Act 1917:made it illegal to interfere with the draft • Sedition Act:1918, Illegal to interfere with the draft and to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or discuss anything disloyal about the American government, the Constitution, or the army and navy • 1,000 convictions; Eugene Debs sentenced to 10 years

45. Loyalty • Fear of foreigners led to nativism • Fear of espionage and secret agents • Feared sabotage of transportation and communications • “Hate the Hun” hostility toward Germans • Lynching of Robert Prager, a citizen born in Germany

46. Social Changes • Cut off the flow of immigrants from Europe • Women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans recruited by industry • Great Migration: 500,000 African Americans went North • Mexicans came to the American West to work on ranches and farms

47. Supporting the War TRANSPARENCY

48. The Great Migration TRANSPARENCY

49. Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

50. He’s in the Army Now INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: He’s in the Army Now