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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Part 2. Background to the continuation of the Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire . 1531 The League of Schmalkalden : formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Part 2

  2. Background to the continuation of the Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire • 1531 The League of Schmalkalden: formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany • France (Francis I) allied with the Protestants against Charles V ( in spite of France being Catholic)

  3. French Foreign Policy • Keep Germany divided • Clearly, the religious question: a religiously homogenous Western Europe took a back seat to political concerns for France • NOTE: France was surrounded by Hapsburgs in Spain and in the HRE.

  4. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars continued • 1521-1555: a series of wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois • In Italy 1521-1527 • In the HRE continued to 1555 • BY 1547 Charles V’s armies had defeated the Protestants in the HRE BUT by this time, Lutheranism had taken hold in much of central Europe

  5. The Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Charles V gave up. • Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose the region, his the religion • The German princes could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism within their individual sovereign principalities • The Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Catholic states and vice-versa

  6. 1559 The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis • Italy: Hapsburg control either directly or indirectly except for Venice • Germany: The Peace of Augsburg • Sealed with the marriage of Elizabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain

  7. Charles V • Retired to a monastery prior to the treaty • Spain and its overseas empire was inherited by his son, Philip II • The HRE was inherited by his brother, Ferdinand I

  8. Results in the HRE • The permanent religious division of Germany • Will serve to prevent German unification • Successful French foreign policy • ALSO: weakened the position of the HRE in Germany

  9. Other Protestants • The Anabaptists 1525: • Association of believers with no connection to any state • Rejected secular agreements: • Would not take civil oaths • Would not pay taxes • Would not serve in the military • Would not hold public office

  10. The Anabaptists • Rejected infant baptism • Rejected the idea of the Holy Trinity • Were Millenarians • Far to the left in Protestantism

  11. 1532 John Leyden and Anabaptist radicals took control of Munster • Polygamist: 16 wives • Women were also leaders of the movement • All books except for the Bible were burned • Killed some Catholics and Lutherans

  12. 1534 Tragedy at Munster • Protestant and Catholic princes combined their armies and took the city • Anabaptist leaders were executed • Anabaptists adopted pacifism at this point

  13. Legacy of the Anabaptists • Mennonites founded by Menno Simmons (Dutch) Emphasized pacifism • Quakers Margaret Fell & James Fox (England) had beliefs similar to the Anabaptists. Many fled to America (Penn., NJ, Delaware) • Unitarians rejected the trinity

  14. Luther • Did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism (Lutheranism)

  15. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 (Swiss) • Humanist preacher who used Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament • Believed (like Luther) that the Bible was the sole authority • BUT (unlike Luther) believed that the Eucharist was symbolic (believed Luther too similar to the Catholic belief of Transubstantiation • Luther supported Consubstantiation: at the blessing of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ was evoked

  16. 1529 Colloquy of Marburg • Zwingli officially split with Luther on the issue of the Eucharist • The Augsburg Confession (Melanchthon) Lutherans officially excluded non-Lutheran reformers

  17. Calvinism: (John Calvin 1509-64) • French: had studied to be a priest and later was trained as a lawyer • Was influenced by Erasmus • Was a Humanist • Was exiled to Switzerland due to his ideas • Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion

  18. Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination: since God is all-knowing, He knows if you are saved even before you are born • Salvation ONLY through the Grace of God • Good works are not enough…there is NO FREE WILL • BUT good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation • The “Elect” will know if they are saved through a conversion experience

  19. Calvin established a Theocracy in Geneva • Protestant exiles from England, Scotland and France came to learn and return home with new ideas • Calvin (like Zwingli) believed that the state should enforce Christian behavior (Theocracy) • Only those who were committed to Calvinism were allowed to live in Geneva

  20. Calvinism: militant and uncompromising • Presbyters: a judiciary of lay elders empowered to impose harsh penalties on those who did not follow God’s law • Michael Servetus A Spanish Unitarian humanist was burned at the stake because he denied the Trinity (1533)

  21. Protestant Work Ethic • Calvinists emphasized the importance of hard work and financial success (was a sign that God was pleased so …one was probably a member of the Elect)

  22. The Spread of Calvinism • Much bigger impact than Lutheranism • Huguenots in France • Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands • Presbyterianism in Scotland • Puritans in England

  23. Presbyterianism in Scotland • Established by John Knox (1505-1572) • Presbyters governed the Church • Quickly became dominant in Scotland to the detriment of Mary Queen of Scots (later)

  24. Huguenots in France • Converts from every social class • BUT especially popular among the nobility • Remember: the biggest threat to the New Monarchs was the nobility ( who were constantly trying to wrest political control from the crown. The French King and official state religion was Catholic)

  25. The Dutch Reformed Church in the United Provinces of the Netherlands • Set the stage for the revolt of the Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II of Spain • The Netherlands will fight for and declare their independence from Spain in 1581 (though will not be formally recognized by other European powers until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia following the Thirty Years’ War)

  26. The Puritans in England • Initially, Henry VIII established the Church of England so that he could grant himself a divorce • Puritans were disappointed that there was no real effort to “purify” the Church under Henry VIII • When Edward took the throne, the Puritans had much influence and had adopted Calvinism • On Edward’s death, Mary persecuted Protestants • Under Elizabeth, was called the Anglican Church and most persecution stopped (Elizabethan Settlement)

  27. The Puritans in England • Under James I and Charles I (the Stewarts) Puritans were persecuted again and fled to Massachusetts

  28. Go to 14-3 The English Reformation

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