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ASPICE CAUDAM

ASPICE CAUDAM. Look at the tail!. BASIC ENDINGS. - t (he/she/it) + verb - nt (they) + verb - am object ( or `I’ on verb) - em object ( or `I’ on verb) - um object ( or `of’ + plural noun, or neuter subj.)

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ASPICE CAUDAM

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  1. ASPICE CAUDAM Look at the tail!

  2. BASIC ENDINGS • - t (he/she/it) + verb • - nt (they) + verb • - amobject (or `I’ on verb) • - em object (or `I’ on verb) • - um object (or `of’ + plural noun, or neuter subj.) • - ās plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verbor (with short vowel) singular subject) • - ōsplr. obj. • - ēs plr. subj. or plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb) • - us subject(or (with long vowel) of + noun, plr. sbj. or plr. obj.) • - islong vowel:(to/for/by/with) plr noun or thou + verbor (short vowel) of + noun (or sing. subject) (or thou + verb) • - ibus (to/for/by/with) + plr noun • - tis you (plr) + verb

  3. BASIC ENDINGS (contd.) • - asg. sbj.(a, ae nouns), pl. sbj./obj (neuters) or, with long vowel, (by/with) nounororder to one person • - aeof + noun, to/for + noun, pl. sbj • - ō (to/for/by/with) + noun or `I’ on verb • - ī(to/for/by/with) + noun, of + noun, or pl sbj. or `I‘ on verb (perfect tense)or order to one person • - e (by/with) + noun or (long vowel) adverb (or neuter subject/object or (-āre/-īre/-ēre) infinitive or address or order to one person (-te for plural) • - mus`we’ on verb • - tur (he/she/it) + passive verb • - ntur (they) + passive verb • - or sbj. or `I’ + passive verb • - mur we + passive verb • - e/i/aris thou + passive verb

  4. DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR NOUNS • The dictionary gives the subject (nominative) and possessive (genitive) forms plus the gender • In word lists, however, sometimes only the subject form of first and second declension nouns is given because the possessive form, and also the gender, can be predicted from the nominative ending: • a > possessive in –ae, feminine (except occupational nouns, e.g. agricola ) • us > possessive in –ī, masculine • um > possessive in –ī, neuter

  5. DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR VERBS • The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information: • - I-form of Present tense • - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present and also the Imperfect and Future are formed) • - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed) • - Past Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)

  6. EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES amō -āre -āvi -ātum love moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn videō -ēre vīdī vīsum see vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear, listen capiō -ere cēpi captum capture Notice that to save space, the dictionary does not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.

  7. VERB SIGNATURE VOWELS(long vowels are shortened before ntand finalt and final m and before other vowels) • ā • present tense for –āre verbs (1st group) • subjunctive for other types of verb • imperfect for all verbs (-bam, -bās, -batetc.) • past perfect tense (-eram, -erās, -erat etc.) • ē • present tense for – eō verbs (2nd. Group) • future tense for – ere and– iōverbs • subjunctive for –āre verbs • imperfect subjunctive for all verbs (-rem, -rēs, -ret etc.) • ī/i/(i)u • present tense for 3rd, 4th and mixed groups • future tense for –āre and – eōverbs (-bō, -bis, -bit etc.) • perfect tense ((ī-, -istī, -it, -imus, -istīs, etc.)

  8. VERB GROUPS (CONJUGATIONS) • 1st (amō, amāre) • Signature vowel isābut this isdropped beforeō • Perfect and past participle add vī and tumto the stem • 2nd (habeō, habēre) • Signature vowel isē • Perfect and past participle often drop the ē and add uī and tum • 3rd (regō, -ere) • Stem ends in a consonant but i is added before most endings beginning with a consonant (but u before `nt, e before re and ris and the b of imperfect endings) • Stem often changes before perfect endings and tum of past participle • 4th (audiō, audīre) • Stem ends in ī but u is added between this and nt • Perfect and past participle add vī and tumto the stem • Mixed (capiō, capere) • Endings in present, imperfect and future are like the fourth group except that i is always short • Infinitive, perfect and past participle formed in similar way to 3rd group

  9. -t • 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______) • amat • videt • agricola labōrat • rex amīcōs dūcit

  10. -t • 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______) • amathe/she/it loves • videthe/she/it sees • agricola labōratthe farmer works • rex amīcōs dūcitthe king leads his friends

  11. -nt • 3rd. Person plural (they______) • cōgitant • laudant • poētae portam vident • puellae rosās amant

  12. -nt • 3rd. Person plural (they______) • cōgitant they think • laudant they praise • poētae portam vident poets see the door • puellae rosās amant girls love roses

  13. -am • accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives) • 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations) • puellam amat • puerī agricolam cōnservant • ancillam amābam • puellae nautām vident

  14. -am • accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives) • 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations) • puellam amat he/she loves the girl • puerī agricolam the boys save the farmer cōnservant • ancillam amābam I used to love the maid • puellae nautām the girls see the farmer vident

  15. -um • accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives) • nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum) • templum deōrum vidēmus • puerī deum laudant • servum bonum amābō • ōtium animum cōnservat

  16. -um • accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives) • nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural – (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum) • templum deōrum vidēmus we see the temple of the gods • puerī deum laudant the boys praise the god • servum bonum amābō I will love the good slave • ōtium animum cōnservat leisure preserves the soul

  17. -ās • accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective) • you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs,subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4) • ancillās poētae vocat • saepe errās • fēminās avarās monēmus • dominō rosās dabant

  18. -ās • accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective) • you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs,subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4) • ancillās poētae vocat he calls the poet’s slaves • saepe errāsyou are often wrong • fēminās avarās monēmus we warn greedy women • dominō rosās dabant they were giving roses to the master

  19. -ōs • accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns) • Rōmānōs vidēbis • animōs amīcī semper laudō • puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus • amīcīs servōs datis

  20. -ōs • accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns) • Rōmānōs vidēbis you will see the Romans • animōs amīcī semper laudōI always praise my friends high spirits • puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus we not like greedy boys • amīcīs servōs datis you give the slaves to your friends

  21. -ēs • Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nouns) • You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense,1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future) • Nominative singular (4th declension) • fīlium servāre debēs you should praise your son • multōs populōs monēsyou advise many peoples • quid habēs what do you have? • si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

  22. -ēs • Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nouns) • You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense,1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future) • Nominative singular (4th declension) • fīlium servāre debēs you should save your son • multōs populōs monēsyou advise many peoples • quid habēs what do you have? • si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

  23. -us/-ūs • [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nounsand adjectives) • [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns) • [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) • dominus servōs terret • stultus poenās saepe dat • Marcus est puer Rōmānus • amīcus meus amīcam habet

  24. -us/-ūs • [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nouns and adjectives) • [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns) • [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) • dominus servōs terret the master frightens the servants • stultus poenās saepe data fool often pays the penalty • Marcus est puer Rōmānus Marcus is a Roman boy • amīcus meus amīcam habet My friend has a girl-friend

  25. -is/-īs • [SHORT] Genitive singular (all3rd declension nouns and adjectives) • [SHORT] Nominative singular(some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) • [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and adjectives) • You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT:3rd conj. Present,1st. & 2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present) • puellās in agrīs vidēbis • poētīs pecūniam semper dat • dē fēminīs cōgitant • in meō agrō manēbis

  26. -is/-īs • [SHORT] Genitive singular (all3rd declension nouns and adjectives) • [SHORT] Nominative singular(some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) • [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and adjectives) • You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT:3rd conj. Present,1st. & 2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present) • puellās in agrīs vidēbis you’ll see the girls in the fields • poētīs pecūniam semper dat he always gives money topoets • dē fēminīs cōgitant they are thinking about women • in meō agrō manēbis my friend has a girl-friend

  27. -bus • Dative and ablative plural: • ibus (all3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives) • ābus(with 2nd. declension nouns fīliaand deato distinguish them from fīlius and deus) • ēbus (5th declension nouns) • deīs et deābus dōna dant • Anna cum filiābus manet • deī filiābus fortūnam dabant • cum deābus sumus

  28. -bus • Dative and ablative plural: • ibus (all3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives) • ābus(with 2nd. declension nouns fīliaand deato distinguish them from fīlius and deus) • ēbus (5th declension nouns) • deīs et deābus dōna dant they give gifts to the gods and goddesses • Anna cum filiābus manet Anna stays with her daughters • deī filiābus fortūnam dabant the gods will give luck to the daughters • cum deābus sumus we are with the goddesses

  29. -a/-ā • [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER nouns) • [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension • [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension • bella timeō • agricola in agrīs labōrat • in īnsulā sumus • in aquā sunt multa perīcula

  30. -a/-ā • [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER nouns) • [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension • [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension • bella timeō I fear wars • agricola in agrīs labōrat the farmer works in the fields • in īnsulā sumuswe’re on theisland • in aquā sunt multa perīcula there are many dangers in the water

  31. -ae • Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives) • Genitive and dative singular (1st declension) • puellae puerō dōna dant • nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta • Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae • sapientiam magistrae laudāmus

  32. -ae • Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives) • Genitive and dative singular (1st declension) • puellae puerō dōna dantthe girls give gifts to the boy • nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta my daughter’s name is Janet • Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae Ovid has many girlfriends • sapientiam magistrae laudāmus we praise the teacher’s wisdom

  33. -ō • 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st, 2nd conjugations) • dative and ablative singular (2nd declension) • puella cum puerō manet • ancilla dominō vīnum dat • amīcam Marcī laudō • rosās deō dabō

  34. -ō • 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st, 2nd conjugations) • dative and ablative singular (2nd declension) • puella cum puerō manetthe girl stays with the boy • ancilla dominō vīnum datthe maid gives the master wine • amīcam Marcī laudō I praise Marcus’s girlfriend • rosās deō dabō I’ll give roses to the god

  35. -ī • nominative plural(2nd declension masc. nouns and adjectives) • genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. and neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!) • Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs) • passive infinitives • agricolae sunt bonī • amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amant • servī dōna dominī laudant • puerī oculōs bonōs habent

  36. -ī • nominative plural(2nd declension masc. nouns and adjectives) • genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. and neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!) • Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs) • passive infinitives • agricolae sunt bonī the farmers are good • amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amantthe friends of my son love wisdom • servī dōna dominī laudant the slaves praise the master’s gifts • puerī oculōs bonōs habent the boys have good eyes

  37. -ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u- • future tense (1st and2ndconjugation) • templum cōnservābimus • Marcus dōnum amābit • puellae poenās dabunt • cum dominō nōn manēbō

  38. -ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u- • future tense (1st and2ndconjugation) • templum cōnservābimus we will save the temple • Marcus dōnum amābitMarcus will love the gift • puellae poenās dabunt the girls will pay the penalty • cum dominō nōn manēbō I will notstay with the master

  39. -ā/-ē + b + a- • imperfect tense (all verbs) • cum magistrō errābātis • puellae sapientiam laudābant • in Britanniā labōrābam • servus dē ancillā cōgitābat

  40. -ā/-ē + b + a- • imperfect tense (all verbs) • cum magistrō errābātis you were wandering with the teacher • puellae sapientiam laudābantthe girls were praising wisdom • in Britanniā labōrābam I was working in Britain • servus dē ancillā cōgitābat the slave was thinking about the maid

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