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Sound Principles

Sound Principles. VCC West Philly Sound Team Training. Frequency. Frequency determines the pitch of a sound Higher frequencies make higher notes Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second. Common Frequency Bands: Low: 20 Hz – 250 Hz center: 100 Hz

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Sound Principles

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  1. Sound Principles VCC West Philly Sound Team Training

  2. Frequency • Frequency determines the pitch of a sound • Higher frequencies make higher notes • Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second • Common Frequency Bands: • Low: 20 Hz – 250 Hz center: 100 Hz • Mid: 250 Hz – 5 kHz center: 1 kHz • High: 5 kHz – 20 kHz center: 10 kHz

  3. Amplitude • Amplitude determines the volume or intensity of a sound wave • Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB) • dB is a measurement relative to a reference sound level • A 10 dB sound is 10 times the intensity of the reference level • A 20 dB sound is 100 times the intensity of the reference level • A 30 dB sound is 1000 times the intensity of the reference level • A 0 dB sound has the same intensity as the reference level

  4. Basic Sound System

  5. Input Sources Microphones • Types – dynamic, condenser • Patterns – omnidirectional, cardioid, supercardioid Instruments • Guitar, piano, bass, drums Other • CD player, iPod, computer omnidirectional supercardioid cardioid

  6. Mixing Console • Mixes, tunes, and controls the destination and volume of audio signals • Combines input signals to form outputs for main and monitor speakers

  7. Power Amplifier • Take signals and amplify them so they can drive speakers • Power of an amplifier is measured in Watts • Make sure that the amplifier matches the impedance of the speakers being used • Watch for clipping or distortion Clipping

  8. Speakers Main Speakers • Provide sound for audience Monitor Speakers • Provide sound for musicians on stage • Speakers are rated in terms of impedance. Common values are 2 Ohms, 4 Ohms, and 8 Ohms

  9. XLR 1/8” (mini-plug) RCA 1/4” Cables and Connectors • Connect all the different components of the sound system Types of Cables • Unbalanced – Short cables connecting instruments to amps/snake • Balanced – Longer cables carrying line-level signals to and from mixer • Unshielded – Thicker cables carrying amplified signals from amp to speakers

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