AP Üro Review

1. AP ÜroReview

2. 2010 Scores

3. Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes • 55 Minutes for 80 Multiple Choice Questions • 130 minutes for 3 essays • 60 minute Document Based Question • Mandatory 15 minutes for Reading & Evaluating Documents • 45 minutes for writing • 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question • 5 minutes for planning • 30minutes for writing • 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question • Same

4. Multiple-choice = 80 questions, measuring the student’s knowledge from High Renaissance-present. • ½ of the questions are from the period 1450 to the French Revolutionary & Napoleonic era. • ½ are from the French Revolutionary & Napoleonic era to the present. • Questions covering the 19th century & the 20th century are divided evenly (approximately 25 percent of the total number of questions for each century) • 1/3 of the questions focus on cultural & intellectual themes • 1/3 focus on political & diplomatic themes • 1/3 focus on social & economic themes.

5. Questions fall into 6 basic categories: • Identification(45% of the test) - facts • NOT/EXCEPT (10% of the test)-choose the answer that is incorrect • Analytical(20-25% of the test) - relationships, see connections, place in order • Quotation Based (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person • Image Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning • Map/Graph/Chart Based(10% or less of the test) - identify what a map/data shows, or interpret it's purpose

6. Grading • 80 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2 Score • ¼ point penalty for guessing has been eliminated • Within the free-response section, the DBQ essay is weighted 45 percent & the two FRQ essays together are weighted 55 percent • For the total exam score, the multiple-choice & the free-response sections are weighted equally

7. Testing Verbs 1.Analyze: determine the component parts; examine their nature and relationship. “Analyze the major social and technological changes that took place in European warfare between 1789 and 1871.’’ 2.Assess/Evaluate: judge the value or character of something; appraise; evaluate the positive points and the negative ones; give an opinion regarding the value of; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of. “‘Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.’ Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day.’’ 3.Compare: examine for the purpose of noting similarities and differences. “Compare the rise to power of fascism in Italy and in Germany.’’

8. 4.Contrast: examine in order to show dissimilarities or points of difference. “Contrast the ways in which European skilled artisans of the mid-eighteenth century and European factory workers of the late nineteenth century differed in their work behavior and in their attitudes toward work.” 5.Describe: give an account of; tell about; give a word picture of. “Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and international relations from 1600 to 1715.” 6.Discuss: talk over; write about; consider or examine by argument or from various points of view; debate; present the different sides of. “Discuss the extent to which nineteenth-century Romanticism was or was not a conservative cultural and intellectual movement.”

9. AP European M.C. Exam follows 3 major themes: • Intellectual & Cultural – 1/3 of questions • Political & Diplomatic – 1/3 of questions • Social & Economic – 1/3 of questions Clusters of questions: • Key Terms, Key Treaties & Agreements, Key, Intellectual Figures • Russian History, Renaissance, Reformation, French Revolution, women’s history, & Cold War • For example: Karl Marx, the Edict of Nantes, & mercantilism have appear on almost every test • Keep a general timeline – not specific dates

10. Unit 1Chapters 1-5

11. Late Middle Ages • The Black Death • The Hundred Years’ War • Rise of nationalism in France & England • Ecclesiastical power • Unam Sanctum 1302 – Pope Boniface VIII • Avignon Papacy – Great Schism • John Wycliffe & Jan Hus • Kievan Rus

12. FRQ • Discuss the pre-existing conditions that contributed to the Black Death during the late Middle Ages. • Compare the experiences of peasants and artisans in the aftermath of the Bubonic Plague.

13. Renaissance • Treaty of Lodi: Defined Northern Italy’ borders • Florence • Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo de Medici • Girolamo Savonarola • Humanism • Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio • Machiavelli’s The Prince is often asked • Quotations sometimes used • Machiavelli’s cynical view of human nature & ruthless pragmatic advice

14. Renaissance & Discovery • Art • Chiaroscuro, linear perspective, triangles/ pyramid configuration, Classical forms combined with Christian subjects • Artists • Focus on key masterpieces that illustrate Renaissance ideals & the impact of humanism • Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa • Raphael – School of Athens • Michelangelo - David

15. Northern Renaissance • Low Countries, France, England, & Germany • Christian humanists • Far more concerned with religious piety than Italian counter • Literature • Gutenberg, Erasmus, Thomas More • Impact of the printing press on European life & thought • Freedom of expression, spread of information, challenged authorities

16. Northern Renaissance • Art • First to use & perfect oil painting • More detail • Artists • Albrecht Dürer, Jan Van Eyck

17. FRQ • Compare the northern Renaissance with the Italian Renaissance in terms of scholarly, literary, and artistic production. • Discuss the importance of the printing press on the Northern Renaissance. • To what extent did the women of Europe experience the Renaissance ?

18. Age of Exploration • Explorers • Henry the Navigator, Diaz, da Gama, Columbus, Vespucci, Magellan • Columbian Exchange: many questions • Agricultural products, animals, diseases, & human populations involved in the exchange • Effects of the exchange on European population & economy. • Economics: Putting-out system, Joint-stock Companies, & mercantilism

19. Protestant Reformation • The Great Schism • Resolved by Council of Constance 1414 • Sale of indulgences, nepotism, simony, clerical immorality, absenteeism • German Peasants War • Peace of Augsburg 1555 – “cuiusregio, eiusreligio” • Protestant Leaders: • Martin Luther • Ulrich Zwingli • John Calvin • Thomas Müntzer - Anabaptists

20. Protestant Reformation • Focus on Luther’s 95 Theses & his dramatic stand against indulgences • Also, keep in mind Luther’s response to the German Peasants War • Sometimes used as an essay topic • Social & political consequences of the Protestant Reformation

21. English Reformation • Sir Thomas More • Henry VIII • Thomas Cranmer • Thomas Cromwell • Edward VI • Counter-Reformation • Charles V – HRE • Council of Trent 1545-1563 • Jesuits – Ignatius Loyola

22. FRQ • Consider what family life was like in early modern Europe during the Reformation. Focus on marriage, family size, birth control, education, and childcare. • Defend or refute this statement: The Protestant Reformation was a unified movement of dissent against the Roman Catholic Church. • Compare & contrast the policies of the Catholic Church before and after the Council of Trent.

23. Philip II: rules Spain, & Spanish Netherlands • English Queen Elizabeth I: assists the Dutch with $ & troops • Spanish Armada set to invade England • Sir Francis Drake defeats the Armada • Spanish influence declines, England rises

24. French Religious Wars • Huguenots • St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 • The Politiques: moderates of both religious faiths - Huguenots & Catholics • Henry Navarre • Edict of Nantes – Know the terms • The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 • Protestant League, Catholic League • Peace of Westphalia 1648 • Consequences: Decline of HRE & the delay of German unification, independent Netherlands

25. FRQ • Describe the experience of the Huguenots in 17th century France. • Analyze some of the existing conditions that led to the Thirty Years’ War. • Analyze the achievements & disappointments of the Thirty Years’ War.

26. 17th Century • Economy: Dutch Republic • Amsterdam – Europe’s leading commercial center during the 17th Century • English Civil War • Focus on causes & consequences of the changing relationships between the monarchy & Parliament • Glorious Revolution • Constitutional Monarchy – English Bill of Rights

27. Age of Absolutism • Henry Navarre • Nobles of the Robe, Nobles of the Sword • Louis XIII • Cardinal Richelieu • The Intendant system – weaken the nobility • Louis XIV • Cardinal Mazarin • The Fronde uprising • Intendant system & the Fronde generate many questions

28. Age of Absolutism • Louis XIV – the “Sun King” • "L'État, c'estmoi" ("I am the State") • War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht 1713 • Hapsburg Austria • Rise of Prussia • Pragmatic Sanction – Maria Theresa • Rise of Russia – Romanov dynasty • Peter the Great – modernization programs generate numerous questions

29. Unit 2Chapters 6-10

30. Scientific Revolution • Old assumptions – geocentric • Aristotle & Ptolemy • Catholic Church • New – Heliocentric - Copernicus • Tycho Brahe & Kepler – planetary motion • Galileo • Scientific Method - Sir Francis Bacon & Descartes • Physical Laws – Newton • AP Euro exam expects you to discuss how pivotal figures of the Scientific Revolution adopted a new view of nature that challenged long held views of the relationship between humanity & the universe.

31. The Enlightenment • The Philosophes • Dedicated to exposing social problems & proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws. • Main ideas: Reason, Natural laws, Happiness, Progress, Liberty, Toleration. • Deism • Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, Rousseau • Voltaire & Rousseau generate the most questions. • Understand: • Voltaire supported religious toleration & opposed superstition & ignorance. • Rousseau: concept of the general will & views of education (Emile)

32. The Enlightenment • Economic • French Physiocrats: first to question mercantilism • Suggested laissez-faire policies of government • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations • Laissez-faire • Free markets • Self interest = the “invisible guiding hand” • Students may be asked to compare the economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert & Adam Smith • Colbert supports mercantilism to strengthen France.

33. FRQ • Evaluate the political, social , & cultural reforms Enlightenment thinkers sought in 18th century European society. • Discuss the attitudes of Enlightenment thinkers towards organized religion.

34. Rivalries 1740-1763 • Great Britain prospers • Colonization & trade, Robert Walpole: 1st PM • France - Louis XV, prosperity continues, but debt continues to mount • 7 Years’ War 1756-1763 – Treaty of Paris 1763 • Prussia – Hohenzollerns • Austria – Hapsburgs • War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

35. Enlightened Despots • Divine-right monarchy evolved into enlightened despotism • Urged by the philosophes to use absolute rule for the good of the people • Combat ignorance & superstition • Promote religious toleration • George III – England • Louis XV – France • Both had little or no interest in either the philosophes or concept of enlightened despotism

36. Enlightened Despots • Catherine the Great – 1762-1796 • Reforms: • Supported Russia’s first private printing presses • Restricted use of torture • Permitted toleration to Jewish communities • Commissioned new “enlightened” law code • Nobles refused • Pugachev’s Rebellion – 1773-1775 • Territorial expansion into Ottoman & Polish lands

37. Enlightened Despots • Frederick the Great – 1740-1786 • Reforms: • Supported scientific agriculture • Prepared a unified national code of law • Abolished torture • Encouraged immigration by Huguenots & Jews into Prussia • Strengthened Junkers • Students are often asked to make comparisons between Peter the Great & Frederick the Great – goals & policies

38. Enlightened Despots • Joseph II– 1780-1790 • Reforms: • Abolished serfdom & feudal dues • Abolished forced labor • Religious toleration for Christians & Jews • Reduced influence of the church • Reformed judicial system • Abolished torture & ended the death penalty • Nobles bitterly opposed reforms • Most policies repealed following death of Joseph

39. FRQ • Enlightened despots have generated MC & FRQs. • Discuss the extent to which Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, & Joseph II succeeded & failed as Enlightened despots.

40. Agricultural Revolution • Innovations in the Low Countries: • Enclosed fields • Use of manure as fertilizer • Planting variety of crops • Drainage to reclaim marshes for farmland • England • Charles Townshend: crop rotation • JethroTull: seed drill • Robert Blakewell: selective livestock breeding • Enclosure system: England & the Low Countries • Successfully resisted in France & Germany

41. 18th Century • Population growth • List factors • Marriage & family life in the 18th century • Rise & fall of Witchcraft • AP Euro exam: important to remember that witchcraft trial & executions most often affected elderly widows & mid-wives. Know the reasons for the growth & decline of witchcraft.

42. Industrial Revolution • England • Textiles • Spinning Jenny, the Water Frame, the Steam Engine, increased iron production. • The Growth of Cities • Jewish populations: the age of the Ghetto in Eastern Europe.

43. FRQ • Consider how popular consumption was affected by the Industrial Revolution & the shift of populations to urban centers. • Describe some of the ways in which the Industrial Revolution transformed the workplace for women.

44. Trans-Atlantic Economy & Revolution • The Treaty of Utrecht 1713 • Colonies • Americas, West Indies, Indian subcontinent • Spanish colonial system • African Slavery, the Plantation System • War of Jenkins Ear • Seven Years’ War 1756-1763 • Treaty of Paris 1763 • American Revolution 1775-1781 • Treaty of Paris 1783

45. FRQ • Discuss how slavery was linked to the economies of Europe, the Americas, & Africa. • To what extent was the War of the American Revolution a European conflict?

46. French Revolutions – 1789-1815 • Ancien Regime • 3 Estates • Peasant distress • Government debt • Aristocratic resistance • Royal weakness • Estates General • Tennis Court Oath • The National Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen • Rights of women

47. French Revolutions – 1789-1815 • Women’s March on Versailles • Civil Constitution of the Clergy • The Legislative Assembly • San-culottes, Jacobins & Girondists: goals • Declaration of Pilnitz • September Massacres • The National Convention • Execution of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette • European reaction • Reign of Terror • Termidorian Reaction

48. French Revolutions – 1789-1815 • The Directory & the rise of Napoleon • First Consul • The Napoleonic Code • The Concordant of 1801 • Napoleonic Empire 1804 • Submission of Europe – Battle of Austerlitz • Battle of Trafalgar • Confederation of the Rhine • The Continental System & the Fall of Napoleon • Focus on the impact Napoleon’s conquests had on spreading nationalism & in dissolving the HRE.

49. FRQ • To what extent was the Third Estate responsible for altering the course of the French government? • Analyze the political, economic, & social factors that helped bring about the French Revolution as well as those that led to its downfall.

50. Restoration • Forces of the Past: • Traditional • Monarchy, Aristocracy, Church, Patriarchal family • Conservatism-belief that tradition is essential & any change should be gradual • Forces of the Future: • Industrialization • Liberalism-belief in gov’t protection of citizen’s natural rights • Nationalism-belief that a nation consists of people sharing traditions, history, & language