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Particle Systems

Particle Systems. Object Representations. So far we have represented (rendered) objects with Lines Polygons (triangles) Curves These techniques won’t work for irregular objects. Clouds. Clouds. Fire. Smoke. Water. Water. Explosions. Explosions. Irregular Objects.

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Particle Systems

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  1. Particle Systems CSC505

  2. Object Representations • So far we have represented (rendered) objects with • Lines • Polygons (triangles) • Curves • These techniques won’t work for irregular objects CSC505

  3. Clouds CSC505

  4. Clouds CSC505

  5. Fire CSC505

  6. Smoke CSC505

  7. Water CSC505

  8. Water CSC505

  9. Explosions CSC505

  10. Explosions CSC505

  11. Irregular Objects • These objects are “fuzzy” • They do not have well defined boundaries • They are not smooth • Their surface texture is irregular • Their shape changes over time • Their motion is cannot be described by simple transformations • To represent such objects we use particle systems CSC505

  12. Particle Systems • Objects are represented by clouds (groups) of individual objects (particles) • The particles themselves may be polygons • The particles are not static • Their motion is unique with respect to other particles • New particles are born • Old particles die • The system is not deterministic • Stochastic processes are used to create and change the particles CSC505

  13. Stochastic Process • A statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time) CSC505

  14. Particle Systems • Advantages over polygonal descriptions • Much simpler primitive (single point in space) • Easy to motion blur • Doesn’t require a lot of human design time since they are based on procedures and random numbers • Can dynamically adjust the level of detail • Easy to change form over time CSC505

  15. Polygon Representation Particle Representation Particle Systems • A collection of many small objects that, when taken together, represent a larger object CSC505

  16. Particle Systems • The particles act as a system • But, each particle has its own attributes and behaviors • It’s the individuality of each particle that makes the system versatile CSC505

  17. Particle Systems • Since we’re dealing with animated sequences, time is the primary axis • Over time… • New particles are generated • Each new particle has it’s own attributes • Old particles die • Surviving particles move according to dynamic attributes • Each time quanta is rendered creating an animated sequence CSC505

  18. Particle Generation • The number of particles generated at any given time frame can be controlled by a density function • This provides a level-of-detail control • Smaller objects may require less particles • Larger objects may require more particles • This feature can be used to reduce processing time • Particle density can also be a function of time • Increase/decrease the mean number of particles per object as a function of frame number CSC505

  19. Particle Generation • Specify • Initial number of particles per object • Function for specifying the number of particles per object over time CSC505

  20. Particle Attributes • Each particle has its own set of attributes • Position point • Velocity vector • Acceleration vector • Size • Color • Transparency (alpha) • Shape (pixels, triangles, polygons) • Life time CSC505

  21. Particle Attributes • All of the attributes can also be specified as an initial value and a function over time • Velocity affects position (derivative of position) • Acceleration affects velocity (derivative of velocity) • Shape can change • Color can change • Lifetime causes a particle to fade out over time CSC505

  22. Particle Extinction • Each particle has a life expectancy measured in units of frames (time) • Particles can die gracefully according to schedule • Particles can die suddenly based on external factors CSC505

  23. Particle Dynamics • Each particle can move independently • Simple vector arithmetic is used to move a particle • Position = Position + velocity : (speed) • Velocity = Velocity + acceleration : (gravity) • Acceleration = Acceleration + external forces (wind, friction, etc.) • Each particle can change its color independently • Based on initial color, final color, and alpha blending function CSC505

  24. Particle Dynamics • Each color can change its size independently • Grow or shrink over time • Can also use an “alpha-blend” type of function • Each color can change its alpha independently • Can start out opaque and turn transparent • Particles can collide with one another causing path changes CSC505

  25. Particle Rendering • Each particle can have its own rendering algorithm • Can move without leaving a trace of where it has been • Persistence: can move leaving a trail of where it has been • Leads to an affect called motion blurring • Use of alpha to blend overlapping particles • Can be rendered as • Pixels • Circles • Triangles • Polygons • All can be shaded using techniques previously discussed CSC505

  26. Demonstration Programs CSC505

  27. Homework • Create a particle system demonstration • Incorporate any effects you like • Particle physics • Color fading • Curve generation • etc. CSC505

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