Chap. 13 – Part Two - 1830-1840 Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide

1. Chap. 13 – Part Two - 1830-1840Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide • OBJECTIVES • Describe Jacksonian New Democracy and contrast it with Jeffersonian Democracy. • Assess reasons for and consequences of America’s second two-party system, the Democrats and Whigs.

2. Jackson successfully mobilized the techniques of the New Democracy and presidential power to win a series of dramatic political conflicts over the Bank, nullification, tariffs, Native Americans, and Texas. But by the late 1830s, his Whig opponents had learned to use the same popular political weapons against the Democrats due to economic troubles, signaling the emergence of the second American party system.

3. “Nullies” in South Carolina • Nullies couldn’t get 2/3 of SC legislature to approve • New Tariff of 1832 – lowered 10%, but not enough • Now SC can get 2/3 votes • Jackson threatened to hang ‘em • Sends navy and army • Henry Clay=Compromise Tariff of 1833 • Reduce 10% over 8 years • NE and middle states against, S. for • Congress passes Force Bill = “Bloody Bill” authorizing Pres. to use force to collect $$

4. II. Victory for Both Union + Nullification • SC felt it had won • Was this “appeasement”? • SC will be first to secede in 1860 • But might have touched off Civil War sooner, before North was prepared • (Is this Jay Leno or what???!!!)

5. III. The Bank as a Political Football • Jackson hated the “moneyed monster,” the BUS • Might have tolerated its renewal in 1836 • But Clay (who will run for president) moves to re-charter it 4 years early, forcing Jackson to either sign it (alienate west) or veto it (alienate east) • Passed by Congress; vetoed by Jackson as unconstitutional even tho Sup. Ct. had ruled it was ok in McCulloch v. Md.; it was anti-American w/ many British stockholders; he personally found it bad

6. IV. Brickbats and Bouquets for the Bank • Why was Jackson so against BUS? • Anti-western; hostile to “wildcat banks;” foreclosed on western farms • Out of touch w/ New Democracy • Plutocratic – led by Nicholas Biddle and other rich • Corrupt – loans to influential people • Positive points? • Restrained fly-by-night banks • Reduced bank failures • Issued sound bank notes • Promoted economic expansion • Safe depository for gov’t

7. V. “Old Hickory” Wallops Clay in 1832 • Election of 1832 • National Rep. Clay vs. Democrat Jackson • 3rd party for the 1st time = Anti-Masonic Party strong in middle Atlantic and New Eng.; against secrecy; also anti-Jackson; for moral reform • Because Jackson was a Mason* • Also national nominating conventions (3) for 1st time • 2 publicized platform for 1st time • Jackson = 688,000 219 • Clay = 530,000 49 • Anti-Masons only took Vermont

8. Who are the Masons? • Inc. Washington, Franklin, Paul Revere, 13 of 39 signers of Dec. of Indep., Marquis deLafayette; 5% of our male population in 1822 • The original Masons in Europe were stonemasons who laid cornerstones of important government buildings and churches • Much ritual and secrecy in their ceremonies • Seen as elitists due to exclusive membership • Suspicion grew when William Morgan, who planned to write an expose of the Masons, was killed/disappeared. • Believe in honorable civic-mindedness, high regard for learning and progress, tolerant religiosity, volunteer philanthropy • Hoax–said were Satan worshippers; false, but lost support • Wear a distinctive apron • Also known as Shriners • Women’s group = Order of the Eastern Star

9. A controversial aspect of The Da Vinci Code

10. VI. Badgering Biddle’s Bank • Jackson felt he had a mandate • So he removed the federal deposits from the BUS • Money put in several “pet banks” that were pro-Jackson • Biddle harshly called in loans = “Biddle’s Panic” • Jackson issues Specie Circular • All public lands must be purchased with hard, metallic money • Will lead to hard feelings and hard times for West

11. VII. Transplanting the Tribes • 1830 = 3 million Americans • 1820 = 125,000 Native Americans east of Mississippi River • Treatment varied • Coerced, tricked, respected, admired, assimilated • The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians; 1787 • Cherokee especially learned white ways • Settled agriculture, property ownership, slave owners • Sequoyah – written alphabet • Known as “5 civilized tribes” (w/ Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole)

12. Georgia takes over Cherokee affairs; they appeal to Supreme Court; Court sides with them 3x • Jackson wouldn’t abide • But he “cares,” so he suggests removing them beyond Mississippi • 1830 – Indian Removal Act; leads to Trail of Tears to Okla. • 1836 – Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) estab. • Some resisted under Black Hawk, but crushed • Seminoles retreated to swamps in Florida; 7 years of war

13. VIII. The Lone Star of Texas Flickers • US had given up Texas to Spain for Florida in 1819 • But Mexicans win independence • Allow Stephen Austin + 300 to settle • Must be Catholic, be Mexicanized, bring no slaves • Famous settlers = Davy Crockett, James Bowie, Sam Houston • Gen. Santa Anna – plans to suppress difficult Texans vs. Lone Star Texans led by Houston • Massacres at Alamo and Goliad • Houston lures Santa Anna to San Jacinto • Santa Anna recognizes Rio Grande as SW boundary of Texas; then denies it

14. X. Texas: An International Derelict • Many unneutral Americans had helped Texans • But Jackson not ready to recognize Texas • Could antagonize Mexico, could lose election for hand-picked Van Buren • Then Van Buren elected, so Jackson recognizes Texas • Most Texans want statehood, but this will ignite the slavery question • So Texans turn to Britain and France for support