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Ecology

Ecology. Ecology. Ecology = the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc.) Who?  ecologists 2 sets of environmental factors. Ecosystem Factors. Levels of organization… can you remember?. Atom Molecule

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology

  2. Ecology • Ecology = the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc.) • Who?  ecologists • 2 sets of environmental factors

  3. Ecosystem Factors

  4. Levels of organization… can you remember? • Atom • Molecule • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biome • Biosphere

  5. 6 Levels of Ecology focus on organism  biome • Organism = one individual • Population = 2+ of the same organism • Community = All types of living organisms in an area • Ecosystem = All living organisms AND nonliving factors in an area • Biome = group of similar ecosystems • Biosphere = all areas on earth where life exists

  6. Habitat • Habitat = a place where a particular population lives

  7. What might you find if you turn over a log? • Are all of these things competing for the same food? • Each population feeds in different ways, on different materials, and at different times  this leads to reduced competition

  8. Niche • Niche = all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment • How it meets its specific needs for food and shelter • How and where it survives • Where it reproduces Kind of like an organism’s “job”

  9. Niche • All strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment • How it meets: • its food needs • Its shelter needs • How and where it survives • Where it reproduces • Includes all interactions with biotic and abiotic factors

  10. Quick Project… • Find 4 examples of Abiotic Factors • List pictures of EACH! • Find 4 examples of Biotic Factors • List pictures of EACH! • Define Abiotic Factor • Define Biotic Factor • Submit to FUSION when complete, but show Ms. C before submitting!

  11. Abiotic Factors = nonliving things • Soil and rocks • Weather • Water/rain • temperature

  12. Biotic Factors = Living things • Plants • Fox • You! • Fungi • Bacteria • Protists

  13. Interactions in Ecosystems • Competition • Predator/Prey • Symbiosis

  14. What is competition? • Competition = when organisms compete or fight over a limited resource • Competition can be reduced by organisms having different niches in an ecosystem

  15. Predator/Prey Interactions • Predator = organism that hunts other organisms for food • Prey = organisms that are hunted • Populations of directly impact each other!

  16. Density Dependent Factors • Density Dependent Factors = factors in the ecosystem that can change as a result of the population density (# of organism in an area) • Examples: • Food • Shelter • Water • Disease

  17. Not all interactions among organisms involve eating each other… • Symbiosis = organisms living together • 3 Types of symbiotic relationships • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  18. Mutualism • Mutualism = benefits both organisms in relationship

  19. Commensalism • Commensalism = one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

  20. Parasitism • Parasitism = one organism benefits and the other is harmed • PARASITES (like viruses) don’t immediately kill host… use it first – sometimes kill it later!

  21. What do all living things need?

  22. All living things must have energy in order to maintain homeostasis • Where does ALL energy orginate? • #1 source of energy = SUN • Energy flow is a “one way” street

  23. Can you get energy from the sun? • What organisms can use the sun’s energy for food? • Autotrophs! • Autotroph = organisms that can make their own food (usually from sun or chemicals in environment) • Examples: plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, chemotrophs • AKA: producers

  24. What are organisms called that can’t make their own food? • Heterotrophs = organisms that must “eat” their food to get energy • Examples: protists, fungi, animals, you! • AKA : consumers

  25. How is the flow of energy shown? • Energy flow is shown with a food chain or food web.

  26. Types of Heterotrophs • Herbivore • Carnivore • Omnivore • Scavenger • Decomposer

  27. Herbivore • Herbivore = organism that only eats plants

  28. Carnivore • Carnivore = organism that eats meat/other animals

  29. Omnivore • Omnivore = organism that survives by eating both plants and animals

  30. Scavengers • Scavenger = organisms that eat dead material

  31. Decomposer • Decomposer = organisms that break down organic matter

  32. How is the flow of energy shown? • Energy flow is shown with a food chain or food web.

  33. Food Chain vs. Food Web • What do you think the difference(s) might be?

  34. Food Chain

  35. Food Web

  36. Chemical Cycles

  37. What are nutrients? • If nutrients are made of matter, can we create or destroy nutrients? • Matter (and nutrients) cannot be created nor destroyed!

  38. Of what substance are all living things made? • Carbon… and other nutrients! • Nutrients = substances (elements/compounds) that are needed for life

  39. How are nutrients cycled through ecosystems? • Nutrients cycle between living and nonliving factors in the environment • Matter is constantly recycled… never lost! • What kinds of nutrients/chemicals are cycled in ecosystems?

  40. The Water Cycle

  41. What is the water cycle? • Water cycle = the continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back • What powers the water cycle? • Powered by the SUN which causes evaporation

  42. Water Cycle Terms • Evaporation = water  water vapor (gas) in atmosphere • Condensation = water vapor in atmosphere  water droplets (clouds) • Precipitation = condensed water falling from atmosphere to ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail)

  43. The Water Cycle

  44. Water Cycle Terms • Transpiration = water in plants (from ground)  water vapor in atmosphere • Runoff = water on surface moving • Infiltration = water on surface soaking into soil/ground becoming groundwater

  45. The Water Cycle

  46. Human Impacts: Water Cycle • Water pollution • Deforestation can lead to increased erosion

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