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Sudden slope failing triggered a tsunami, which struck the Japan Sea coast on 16 June 1026 AD

Sedimentation caused by a tsunami of non-earthquake source. Sudden slope failing triggered a tsunami, which struck the Japan Sea coast on 16 June 1026 AD. Local histories document an episode of ca ~1000 years BP tsunami disaster. Local histories :

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Sudden slope failing triggered a tsunami, which struck the Japan Sea coast on 16 June 1026 AD

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  1. Sedimentationcaused by a tsunamiof non-earthquake source Sudden slope failing triggered a tsunami, which struck the Japan Sea coast on 16 June 1026 AD

  2. Local histories document an episode of ca ~1000 years BP tsunami disaster

  3. Local histories: Invasion of a gigantic tsunami at midnight on 16 June 1026 AD. Submergence of a rocky islet in the offshore just before tsunami occurrence. Local tradition: Serious damages by catastrophic seawater flooding. Official documentations: No description of earthquake and tsunami occurrence in every 1026 AD official archive of Japan and Korea. What is the truth about the tsunami invasion? What is the cause of the disappearance of islet?

  4. Peeling off trench surface Flame structures were found at the interface of dark gray mud and brown sand.

  5. Continuous film of mud sand flames and wisps of mud mud Flames, wisps, and a film of organic mud. These structures were syndepositional and preserved from any later disturbance. Lacquer-resin peel of trench walls.

  6. Flame structure 940 ± 80 year BP 1026 AD Vertical sequence from channel to dune. The radiocarbon date of 940±80 BP corresponds with the historical age of the tsunami event (1026 AD).

  7. Sorted fine sand (tsunami layer) abundant channel fill mud

  8. Paleontology: Moderate occurrence of estuary planktonic diatoms Cyclotellastriata and Thalassiosirabramaputrae and brackish benthonic diatom Amphola sp. indicate the origin of sand in inter-tidal estuaries. Reduced occurrence of fresh-water planktonic diatoms, as well as moderate benthonic species occurrence, suggest the mud being a product of a shallow water pond with restricted water circulation.

  9. -geology- Discovery of a tsunami deposit + Synchronous ages of history and geology -history- No other tsunami in official archives of this time period. + No earthquake occurrence in and around the Japan Sea. A tsunami of local and non-earthquake source ?

  10. experiments conclusion Slope failure origin of the tsunami interpretation Geographical and hydraulic characteristics 1. Submergence of a rocky islet in the offshore just before tsunami invasion (local histories). 2. Submerged reefs in the present offshore (scuba observation). 3. Large outflux of riverine sediments (hydrologic estimate)

  11. sand mud Depositional experiments of sand over hydroplastic mud in a water flume.

  12. sand mud Soft X-ray radiograph of sediment structures formed by depositional experiments in a water flume.

  13. sand mud Mechanical vibrations Disappearance of flames and wisps, and mixing of sediments at sand-mud interfaces

  14. Geological results: Catastrophic invasion of fast-flowing streams High concentration of Ca carbonates Transport of coastal materials into lacustrine environments Landward thinning of sediment layers Observations and experiments: Present storm surges to be agents of erosion without production of extensive deposits on land areas Syndepositonal origin of sediment structures indicated by water flume experiments Interpretations: Abrupt landward transport of voluminous seawater and coastal materials No seismic shocks before and after sediment deposition Conclusions: Deposition of tsunamigenic sand Tsunami of non-earthquake source Slope instability cause of localized tsunami

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