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Chapter 28

Chapter 28. Cold War and a New Western World, 1945 - 1970. Confrontation of the Superpowers. WWII devastated the countries, cities and people of Europe, bringing about an end to European supremacy in the world. The Cold War

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Chapter 28

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  1. Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World, 1945 - 1970

  2. Confrontation of the Superpowers • WWII devastated the countries, cities and people of Europe, bringing about an end to European supremacy in the world. • The Cold War • The indirect conflict between the Soviet Union and the U.S. over ideologies and control of the post WWII world. • First Area of Conflict - Disagreement over Eastern Europe • United States and Britain championed self-determination and democracy • Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and wanted to establish pro-Soviet governments there to create a buffer zone against potential western attacks. • Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary

  3. Possible Test Question • World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed • American commitment to globalism in foreign policy. • European supremacy in world affairs. • Any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution. • The capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world. • The trans-Atlantic partnership.

  4. Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947 • U.S. foreign policy developed due to a civil war in Greece • Provided $400 million in aid to countries threatened by aggression. • Assistance in defense of Greece and Turkey • Defined America’s fear of Communist expansion • Pledged U.S. support to support “free peoples” and “Fight Communism anywhere, anytime” • Marshall Plan, June 1947, European Recovery Program • $13 billion for the economic recovery intended to rebuild war-torn Europe • Soviet view – Western European countries sold their political & economic freedom for U.S. loans. Made Stalin push for more control of Eastern bloc countries • The American Policy of Containment • Stop the spread of Communism

  5. Possible Test Question • The Marshall Plan • Was viewed by Western Europe as Capitalist imperialism. • Included Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. • Was not considered a success. • Came to an abrupt end with the imposition of the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union. • Intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability.

  6. Contention over Germany • Germany is partitioned into 4 sections (so is Berlin) • Soviets dismantle and remove 380 factories • Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949 • Soviets cut off rail and road access through East Germany • Supplies were flown in to west Berlin • Soviets eventually back down • Germany separated, 1949 • West German Federal Republic, September • German Democratic Republic, October • East Germany • Cold War Tension • Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 • Communist forces win the Civil War in China, 1949 • Mutual deterrence – belief that an arsenal of nuclear weapons prevented war through mutually assured destruction

  7. New Military Alliances • North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (NATO) 1949 • Western Alliance • Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Canada and the U.S. • A few years later, West Germany, Greece & Turkey joined • Warsaw Pact, 1955 • Communist Alliance • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union

  8. Possible Test Question • The Warsaw Pact included all of the following nations except • Poland. • Bulgaria. • Yugoslavia. • Hungary. • Czechoslovakia.

  9. Globalization of the Cold War • The Korean War • Korea is divided after WWII • North is communist – supported by Soviet Union • South is democratic – supported by U.S. • North Koreans invaded the south, 1950 • UN troops push North Korean troops back into North Korea • Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the border • Uneasy truce, 1953 • The overall effect of the Korean War was to reinforce the American policy of Containment • Escalation of the Cold War in the mid-1950s • Policy of massive retaliation (Eisenhower) • Central Treaty Organization • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

  10. Possible Test Question • The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was • Containment. • Détente. • MAD (mutually assured destruction) • Massive retaliation. • All of the above.

  11. Another Berlin Crisis • Vulnerability of Berlin • Western countries had to go through East Germany to get to West Berlin • Communists were losing intellectuals and skilled workers who were fleeing East Germany through West Berlin • ICBM missile and Sputnik I launched • Summit meeting in Vienna • Khrushchev threatens JFK with a 6 month deadline to abandon West Berlin • Berlin Wall, built in 1961

  12. Map 28.1: The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s and 1960s

  13. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Fidel Castro (b. 1927) • Established a communist regime in Cuba - 1959 • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 • Attempted overthrow of Castro regime by C.I.A. trained revolutionaries and given the go ahead by Pres. JFK • US discovers Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba • JFK orders a blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet navy carrying missiles to Cuba from reaching their destination • Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba • Establish a hotline between US and Soviet Union • US and Soviet Union improve communications to prevent a nuclear war • Ban nuclear tests in the atmosphere

  14. Possible Test Question • The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with • Improved communications between the United States and the Soviet Union essential to prevent nuclear war. • The installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba. • The United States overthrowing Cuba’s Soviet-supported government. • John Kennedy backing down to the threats of Nikita Khrushchev. • Fidel Castro giving up his military authority in the Cuban government, although he retained political control.

  15. The Vietnam War • Vietnam divided into North (Communist supported by Soviets) and South (Democratic supported by US) after France had been defeated in 1954 (decolonization) • President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 • US was fighting against the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) and the Vietcong (guerrilla fighters in the south who supported the north • Domino Theory • If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations in Asia would fall to communism • Americans and Europeans began to protest American involvement in Vietnam

  16. President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable end – vietnamization (replace US troops with S. Vietnamese troops) • Begins withdrawing troops • Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops • The Vietnam War showed the limitations of American power • Led to a period of relaxed Soviet-American relations in the 1970s known as Détente

  17. Possible Test Question • The Vietnam War • Was resolved in 1975 with the Helsinki Agreements. • Ended in 1973 with the defeat of North Korea. • Showed the limitations of American power, leading to improved Soviet-American relations. • Marked the beginning of the total domination of Southeast Asia by the Soviet Union. • Led to an immediate end of the Cold War in 1975 with the final withdrawal of Americans from Vietnam.

  18. Decolonization • Africa: The Struggle for Independence • G.B. and France lacked the resources to control a colonial empire • Colonies were aware of allied stance on self determination • Western educated intellectuals began to lead independence movements • Most African nations received their independence in the 1950s & 1960s. • South Africa set up a system of segregated white rule known as apartheid.

  19. Possible Test Question • African independence parties were usually led by • Western-educated intellectuals. • Unemployed urban workers. • Moscow-trained urban workers. • Disgruntled peasants, fearful of being besieged by western agricultural surpluses. • Religious leaders, both Christian and Muslim.

  20. Map 28.2: Decolonization in Africa

  21. Conflict in the Middle East • Emergence of new independent states • The Question of Palestine • Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland • After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews • President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within Palestine • Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 • The one issue the Arab states were unified in was their opposition to the formation of Israel • Nasser and Pan-Arabism (Arab unity) • Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 – 1970) seized control of Egyptian government in 1954 • Advocated sharing Middle Eastern Oil wealth amongst Arab states • Suez conflict (Britain, France & Israel attack Egypt) • US & Soviet Union intervened on the side of Egypt to bring peace • Nasser emerged as an Arab leader

  22. Possible Test Question • The Middle Eastern political leader who promoted Pan-Arabism and who advocated a sharing of Middle Eastern oil wealth equally among the Arab states was • Yasir Arafat. • Saddam Hussein. • Anwar al-Sadat. • The Shah of Iran. • Gamal Abdul Nasser.

  23. The Arab-Israeli Dispute • Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964 • Yasir Arafat (1929 – 2004) (PLO leader) • June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins • Preemptive strike against Arab nations • Israel destroyed Egyptian forces • Tripled the size of their country in 6 days • Yom Kippur, 1973: Egypt attacks Israel • Air and artillery strike during Jewish holy day on Israeli forces in the Sinai peninsula • Conflict ends in a cease fire negotiated by the UN in 1974

  24. Map 28.3: Decolonization in the Middle East

  25. Asia: Nationalism and Communism • Philippines granted independence, 1946 • India • Muslims and Hindus • Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan • Gandhi was the only Congress leader to object • He warned of an “orgy of blood” • He was right • Fighting between Hindus and Muslims killed over 1 million • Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948 • British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) • French efforts to keep Vietnam by holding elections fail. Vietnam is divided

  26. Possible Test Question • “An orgy of blood” refers to • The Vietnam War. • The separation of Pakistan from India. • The victory of Mao Zedong over the Chinese Nationalists. • Nikita Khrushchev’s condemnation of Stalin. • The Korea debacle.

  27. China Under Communism • After WWII, civil war continues in China • Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) (Nationalists) • Mao Zedong (1893-1976) (Communists) • Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan (US navy protects him) • Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 • Great Leap Forward, 1958 • Mao’s effort to achieve a classless society • Collectivized farms were combined into “people’s communes” consisting of 30,000 peasants • The program was a disaster due to weather and poor planning • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 • Red Guards took to the streets to cleanse society of impurities associated with capitalism

  28. Map 28.4: Decolonization in Asia

  29. Possible Test Question • The Great Leap Forward was • Stalin’s stated philosophy for his last five-year plan. • The radicalization of the feminist movement. • Mao Zedong’s effort to achieve a classless society and the final state of communism. • The missile race between the United States and the Soviet Union. • Mao Zedong’s New Economic Policy, modeled on Lenin’s economic reforms in the early 1920s.

  30. Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries • Newly independent nations caught in U.S. – Soviet conflict • Jawaharlal Nehru and Nonalignment • Kept India neutral • Tried to provide leadership to newly independent countries in Asia and Africa • Indonesia • Sukarno and Suharto • Sukarno received support from China and the Soviet Union • Overthrown by General Suharto who established pro-western relations

  31. Possible Test Question • The Indian politician who pursued a policy of neutrality in the Cold War and who attempted to provide leadership to the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa was • Mahatma Gandhi. • Indira Gandhi. • Suharto. • Sukarno. • Jawaharlal Nehru.

  32. The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev • Stalin’s Policies • Stalin’s method for the recovery of the Soviet Union • Use Soviet labor to produce goods to export so Russia could bring in foreign capital to build machinery and Western technology • By 1947 the Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels of industrial production • Emphasized development of heavy industry & the production of modern weapons and space technology (Sputnik) • Very few consumer goods produced • Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953

  33. Possible Test Question • The economic policies of Stalin • Completely overtaxed a war-damaged industrial plant as production of material goods long failed to surpass prewar levels. • Were unrealistic since Russia lacked readily accessible natural resources and fossil fuels. • Managed to produce both “guns and butter,” that is rearmed the Soviet military while providing cheap and plentiful consumer goods. • Instituted a modified free-market capitalism in all economic areas except for heavy industry. • Emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles.

  34. Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) • Ends the forced labor camps • Condemns Stalinist programs of forced labor and terror • There seem to be a loosening of restraint (destalinization) • Allowed more intellectual freedom • Allowed publication of Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s novel A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich which portrayed life in Stalin’s forced labor camps • Encouraged rebellion in satellite nations • Rebellions will be crushed by Red Army (Hungary, Czech etc) • Economic policies focused on production of light industry and consumer goods & increase agricultural output • Failed to benefit the Soviet economy and industry • Forced into retirement by party members in 1964

  35. Possible Test Question • The economic policies of Nikita Khruschev in the 1950s and early 1960s • Were a continuation of Stalinist policies. • Were a great success. • Failed to benefit the Soviet economy and industry. • Focused on building the economy on luxury goods. • Made the Soviet Union completely and permanently self-sufficient in agricultural foodstuffs.

  36. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain • In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans • Communist governments were under the control of the Soviet Union • Due to strong democratic traditions, Czechoslovakia was the last Eastern European nation to fall under Soviet control • Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions to total Soviet rule • Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more independent • Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia • Asserted Yugoslavia’s independence from the end of WWII into the 1970s. • Form of communism was less centralized and closer to Marxist-Leninist ideal

  37. Possible Test Question • Due to its strong democratic traditions, the last Eastern European country to fall under Soviet, one-party domination after WWII was • Bulgaria. • Poland. • Hungary. • Czechoslovakia. • Romania.

  38. Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern • Five year plans • Farm collectivization • Upheaval in Eastern Europe • Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries • Rebellion in Poland • Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary • Poland pledged to follow its own socialist plan • Got nervous about a Soviet military response • Compromised and agreed to support the Warsaw Pact

  39. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary & Czechoslovakia • Hungary, 1956 • This time dissent was directed at communism as well • Dissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense situation • Imry Nagy (1896-1958) declares Hungary free, November 1, 1956 • Promises free elections – Soviet military invades • Soviet military intervention reasserts Communist leadership • Janos Kadar (1912-1989) replaced Nagy • Czechoslovakia, 1968 • Antonin Novotny (1904-1975) known as “Little Stalin” • Appointed by Stalin in 1952 • Resigned in the late 1960s over protests • Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992), “socialism with a human face” • Initiated by Dubcek’s reforms – “Prague Spring” • Reform crushed by the Warsaw Pact – Red Army invades Czech

  40. Possible Test Questions • The “Prague Spring” in Czechoslovakia in 1968 • Was triggered by the reforms of Alexander Dubcek. • Led to the presidency of Vaclav Havel in 1970. • Witnessed Czechoslovakia’s successful withdrawal from the Soviet bloc. • Brought about the resignation of President Gustav Husak. • Was encouraged by the Soviet leadership.

  41. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy • Europe recovered rapidly from World War II • Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery • France: The Domination of De Gaulle • Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) • Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France • Kept France largely independent politically • Wanted to make France a nuclear power • Defeat in Indochina • Algerian crisis • Algeria rebels against France for independence • Anti-war movement almost leads to French civil war • Fifth Republic, 1958 • Powers of the President enhanced • Economic growth • Student riots, Labor Strikes, in 1968 over rising cost of living • Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 

  42. Possible Test Question • As president of France, Charles de Gaulle’s position in the Cold War was to • Closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations. • Make France the “third” nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course. • Let American policy guide France and other European nations. • Make France the leading European power in NATO. • Join the non-aligned third-world nations.

  43. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy • West Germany: A Reconceived Nation • Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) (Christian Democrats) • Founding hero of West Germany • Reconciliation with France • Resurrection of the economy (“economic miracle”) • New currency, free markets, low taxes • Payments to Holocaust survivors and Israel • Great Britain: The Welfare State • Clement Atlee (1883-1967) (Labour Party) • British Welfare State (social security, socialized medicine) • National Insurance Act and National Health Act • Meant dismantling of the British Empire • No longer viewed as a world power after loss of Suez Canal • Continued economic problems • Economy lagged behind and failed to re-industrialize • Lost colonies and their revenues • Debt from international commitments

  44. Possible Test Question • The first chancellor and “founding hero” of the West German Federal Republic was • Helmut Kohl. • Helmut Schmidt. • Willy Brandt. • Konrad Adenauer. • Walter Ulbricht.

  45. Italy: Weak Coalition Government • Postwar reconstruction • Alcide de Gaspari (prime minister, 1948 – 1953) • Unstable political coalitions • Christian Democrats gained power with the backing of the Catholic Church • Italy’s “economic miracle” • Marshall Plan helped stabilize the economy and increase production of steel and consumer goods

  46. Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) • France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg • European Economic Community (Common Market) • Founded for economic reasons • Created a free-trade area • Precursor to European Union

  47. American Politics and Society in the 1950s • Influence of the New Deal • New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson • Economic prosperity of the 1950’s • McCarthyism and the “Red Scare” • Communist witch hunt in 50s America

  48. Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960’s • Johnson and the Great Society • War on Poverty • Job Corps • Department of Housing and Urban Development • Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act, 1964 – end segregation • Voting Rights Act, 1965 – ending voting discrimination • Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) • Followed ideal of civil disobedience preached by Gandhi • Assassinated, 1968 – riots followed • Malcolm X – black leader in northern cities • Did not share MLK’s view of civil disobedience • Summer of 1965 – riots in major U.S. cities • Antiwar Protests • Kent State University, 1970 (students shot by national guard) • Counter-culture alternative to middle class conformity • Increased sexual permissiveness

  49. Possible Test Question • The upheavals in the United States in the 1960s included all of the following except • Demands for civil rights for African-Americans. • A desire to adopt Soviet-style socialism as an alternative to rapacious capitalism. • Protests against the Vietnam War • Increased sexual permissiveness. • Counter-culture alternatives to middle class societal norms.

  50. The Emergence of a New Society • The Structure of European Society • Dramatic shift in the middle class with the addition of white-collar management and administrative positions • Further urbanization • Rising income • Lower class could afford the consumer goods enjoyed by the middle and upper classes • Mass tourism • Increase in disposable income and vacation time plus a decrease in hours worked

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