1 / 19

The Rise of Islam; 600-1200

The Rise of Islam; 600-1200. World History AP Mr. Ermer Miami Beach Senior High. Islam. One of three Abrahamic, monotheistic religions Judaism & Christianity worship the same God as Muslims Two Branches: Sunnis : ( Sunna =tradition) majority of Muslims

keiki
Télécharger la présentation

The Rise of Islam; 600-1200

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Rise of Islam; 600-1200 World History AP Mr. Ermer Miami Beach Senior High

  2. Islam • One of three Abrahamic, monotheistic religions • Judaism & Christianity worship the same God as Muslims • Two Branches: • Sunnis: (Sunna=tradition) majority of Muslims • Shi’ites: (“Party of Ali”) believe caliph descends from Ali • Founder: Muhammad (570-632) • Five Pillars of Islam • Belief: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet” • Prayer: Must perform prescribed prayers five times a day • Charity: “giving alms” giving part of one’s wealth to the poor • Fasting: Refraining from eating or drinking from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage: Must visit Mecca once in life

  3. The Five Pillars:

  4. Islamic Beginnings • Arabia=isolated, populated by semi-nomadic clans of Semitic speaking polytheistic people • Trade routes shift south, Arabs control new routes • Christian and Buddhist missionaries visit area • 570: Muhammad born in Mecca, center of trade • Orphaned by 5, marries rich widow, Khadija • Troubled by economic inequalities, meditates • Visited by Angel Gabriel who reveals God’s words • Muhammad=last prophet in long line (Hebrews & Jesus) • Allah’s messages written in the Quran • Muhammad’s faith called Islam “submission to the will of Allah”; Muslims=“one who submits”

  5. Muhammad

  6. Building the Faith • 622 C.E.: The Hijra • Muhammad & ummaleave Mecca for Yathrib • Population of Yathrib converts to Islam, renamed Medina • Old clan, family, and tribal distinctions replaced by umma • Muhammad defeats Mecca’s army, reenters city • Rededicated Kaaba as Islam’s holiest site • 632: Muhammad dies, Abu Bakrnamed kalifa • Dar al-Islam vs. Dar al-harb • Jihad: struggle in the way of God, personal & external • Caliph: successor of Muhammad, new leaders • First four caliphs expand empire with Bedouin fighters • Take lands from Byzantine Empire, defeat Sasanids • Islam establishes political foundation with generation

  7. The Kaaba The Kaaba

  8. The Caliphate

  9. The Umayyad Caliphate • First four caliphs build empire, do not stabilize • Last “rightly guided caliph”—Ali—assassinated • Umayyad clan of Mecca succeeds him • Capital: Damascus, Syria • Hereditary dynasty, religious tolerance • Non-Arabs not allowed to hold high government office • Umayyad Decline • Many non-Arabs resent preference of Arabs • Umayyad rulers increasingly oppressive • Non-Arabs and other Arab clans form coalition • Abbasi clan, under leadership of Abu al Abbas, lead revolt • Umayyad dynasts flee to Spain, est. Iberian caliphate

  10. The Umayyad Caliphate

  11. The Abbasid Caliphate • Abbasid caliphs move capital to Baghdad • Located in Arabic-speaking Iraq, but close to non-Arabs • Caliph = religious & political leader • Ulama: Islamic scholars, sharia law, unity of the umma • Sharia covers all aspects of practical and spiritual life • Ulama become law makers guided by Quran and Hadith • Ulamaretains real religious power • Mix of Persian & Byzantine royal norms • Decentralized power, powerful provincial governors • Turkish and Berber soldiers comprise bulk of army • Greek art and philosophy influential, preserved • Breakthroughs in sciences, philosophy, and art

  12. Muslim Opposition • Sunni-Shiite Split • Sunni Muslims (Arabic for “traditional”) • Majority of Muslim World • Accepted rule of Umayyad & Abbasid caliphs • Shiah Muslims (from the Arabic Shi’at Ali “Party of Ali) • Majority in Iraq & Iran with large groups in N. Africa • Believe Ali was the rightful caliph • Ali’s descendants called imams • Both groups have own versions of Sharia & Hadith • Decentralized rule prompts opposition, revolt • Umayyad caliphs continue to rule in Spain • Shiite leader Abu Abdallah takes control of Egypt • Shiite Fatimid Caliphate, capital in Cairo

  13. The Muslim World

  14. Fatimid Egypt

  15. Women & Islam • Arabs late to adopt patriarchy • Men still married into women’s family, moved close • Women work, own property, multiple husbands • Increased relations with patriarchal Southwest Asians begins to decrease status of women • Muhammad’s relations with women changes • First wife Khadija was older, independent, equal • Muhammad marries more wives after Khadija’s death • Insist wives be veiled, favorite wife Aisha married at nine • Women limited to one husband • Quran reinforces patriarchy • Women given certain rights and protections • Dowries, evidence for moral crimes, infanticide • Women cannot divorce, take multiple husbands

  16. Greater Islamic World • Rival Islamic states try to outdo each other in artistic, intellectual, and scientific achievement • Umayyad Spain • Capital City: Cordoba, Spain • Great Mosque of Cordoba built in arabesque style • Good relations between Muslims, Jews, and Christians • Central Asia • Arabic numerals, Algebra, IbnSina and medicine • Greek philosophy translated into Arabic • Sub-Saharan Africa • Trade & Islam expanded to West Africa • Swahili Coast • Gold, salt, and slaves

  17. Umayyad Spain

  18. La Mezquita of Cordoba

  19. Islam in Timbuktu

More Related