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1. Athens Chapter 4 Ancient Greece Sparta

2. 4.1

   Early People of the Aegean
3. Things to Know Identify the influences on Minoan cultureand how the civilization prospered Summarize how Mycenaean ruled the sea trade and started the Trojan War Describe the works of Homer and their influence on Greek culture Analyze how the Minoans and Mycenaeans shaped early Greek civilizations
4. The Aegean Sea
5. Minoan Civilization Located in Crete Reach height around 1600 to 1500 B.C. In AD 1900 Knossos unearthed Palace of Minos, king of Crete Named Minoan in honor of him Success based on trade, not conquest Crete
6. Minoan Civilization Minoan civilization developed by 2000 BC Knossos Rulers of empire lived here Religious shrines Had running water and walls decorated with frescoes – paintings made on wet plaster walls
7. Minoan Fresco at the Palace of Knossos
8. Minoan Civilization Soil of Crete unsuitable for growing many crops What do they do instead? Minoans turn to the sea Traded widely
9. The Minotaur & End of Minoan Civilization Minos kept this giant creature imprisoned Half man & half bull By 1400 BC Minoans vanish Sudden volcanic eruption? Earthquake? Invaders Mycenaeans 1st Greek speaking people
10. Mycenaeans Lived on mainland Warriors, built thick walled fortresses Trojan War 1250 BC Mycenae and Troy economic conflict But legend says it was a romantic conflict Paris kidnaps Helen…. 10 year battle ensues Trade and War in Mycenae
11. Early Migrations into Greece Greek mainland around 2000 BC New people come from the north….. Mycenaeans Dominate mainland from 1600 – 1200 BC Built fortified cities in Peloponnesus (southern Greece) Eventually conquer Crete and adopt many of Minoan elements Minoans + Mycenaeans = Greeks
12. Early Migrations into Greece Mycenaean collapses around 1100 BC Dorians – more primitive Greeks – move into Peloponessus Were illiterate and a dark age descends on Greece until Phoenician traders introduce alphabet around 750 BC
13. Characteristics of MinoanCivilizations
14. Characteristics ofMycenaean Civilization
15. Homer & the Great Legends of Greece The Homeric Age 1000 to 700 BC Most communication was oral Poets wander from village to village reciting epics, among other things Epics: long poems describing heroes and great events
16. The Homeric Age 700s BC Oral poetry gathered together and put into 2 great epics The Iliad and The Odyssey Homer composed these essays around 750 B.C. (although we really don’t know for sure)
17. Homer’s Iliad
18. The Trojan War Provides background for the 2 epics Iliad discusses incidents in the 10th year of the Trojan War Odyssey depicts end of the war Do these 2 describe actual events or do they serve as rich sources of info about the life, customs, and ideals of the Greeks between 1000 and 700 BC
19. Ancient Troy
20. Early Migrations into Greece Mycenaean collapses around 1100 BC Dorians – more primitive Greeks – move into Peloponessus Were illiterate and a dark age descends on Greece until Phoenician traders introduce alphabet around 750 BC

21. 4.2

    The Rise of Greek City-States
22. Things to Know Understand how geography influenced the Greek city-states Define the three types of government that developed in the Greek city-states Explain how Sparta and Athens differed Identify the culture and values shared by Greeks
23. Physical Setting Many small islands dot the Aegean Sea and are considered part of Greece How was Greece a bad place to settle? MOUNTAIN RANGES!!! Separate communities; prevent them from developing unity What do you notice about rivers? No big ones like Egypt & China
24. The Physical Setting Greece’s Climate Mild; good soil; sufficient rainfall Allows them to grow grain, grapes, olives Unable to produce amount of food that increasing population needs Geography encourages development of trade Part of Balkan Peninsula All areas close to sea; become fishers, sailors Very skilled on the water
25. Greek Topography
26. The City-States of Greece Greek word for city-state is polis Early Greeks establish these in 800s and 700s BC Sparta; Athens
27. The City-States of Greece All Greek City-States share certain features: Small size 30 – 500 sq. miles Small population Most under 10,000 Helped citizens, or free residents, share a sense of responsibility Setting on a hill Stood on an acropolis – a hill or mountain (high hill) Public Meeting Place Each had an agora - marketplace
28. City-State Set Up Acropolis – a hill or mountain that temples and other public buildings sit on Agora – marketplace that surrounds the acropolis
29. Acropolis Set-Up Then……
30. Acropolis Today….
31. Forms of Gov’t 750-500 B.C. 1st = King Government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power = Monarchy Aristocracy, rule by hereditary landholding elite Could afford weapons and chariots Trade increases…. …New middle class develops Eventually they challenged the landowning nobles for power and came to dominate some city-states Form a government called an oligarchy = power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite group Types of Government Evolve
32. Sparta & Athens Refer to Ch. 4 to compare/contrast the city-states of Sparta & Athens. Focus on: Lifestyle, Government, Time Period, Military, etc. BE SPECIFIC Sparta Athens Bypassed by Dorians. What does this mean? - No walls around city 3 social groups - 3 social groups: Equals ½ citizens Helots (slaves) outnumbered Spartans Located near sea, so become great sea traders; powerful navy Both dependent upon slaves Kept strong walls around city for defense Gov’t consisted of all adult males Citizens stood at top of political spectrum Social Groups: Citizens Metics (people born outside Athens) Slaves - Assembly consisted of adult male citizens, Council of Elders, & 2 Kings 5 ephors; 1 year terms; oversee Kings and citizens Regulate lives of citizens from birth to death Eventually split into 100 regions each represented by 50 people created Council of 500 Military training is CORE of life in Sparta enter training at age 7 (males) - Creates direct democracy Military: didn’t enter until 18 education was more important Focus on public welfare instead of private life Name________________________ Block_______
33. Athens Sparta Sparta & Athens
34. Dorians overrun Peloponnesus by end of 1100s BC Why was this such a sought after area? Conquer Sparta (which becomes their capital) Force many of conquered to work for them Called helots DID NOT build a wall around city. WHY? Sparta: The Military Ideal
35. 3 Social Groups Equals Citizens descended from Dorian invaders Control Sparta ½ Citizens Free, but no political power Farmed Helots Slaves of Sparta GREATLY outnumbered Spartans What does this mean? Sparta: The Military Ideal
36. Partial ruins of Ancient Sparta
37. Present day area - What do you notice about area that would help ancient Spartans defend themselves?
38. Government Assembly of adult males Council of Elders Propose laws 2 Kings 5 ephors (overseers) Elected by assembly for 1 year terms Monitor kings/citizens Sparta: The Military Ideal
39. Military Machine Why did they have such a powerful military? Control Helots Extend Spartan power Began at birth Left at age 7 for training Military service: Age 20 - 60 Sparta: The Military Ideal
40. Think……. Why would ancient Sparta put so much emphasis into their military while neglecting things such as science, politics, art, literature, etc?
41. Women As future mothers, had to receive physical training as well Studied music (along with boys) WHY? Teach discipline and coordination Strict discipline led to: Efficient government Unconquerable army Citizens paid heavily, though. How? Sacrificed ind. freedoms to the state Society produced nothing in art, lit, philosophy, or science Sparta: The Military Ideal
42. “…Come and get them!” (Molon Labe) - King Leonidas
43. Development: Bypassed by Dorians, which meant what? No class of conquering invaders to impose rule Location: Attic Peninsula Very non-fertile Built inland – WHY? Had walls and a special port, Piraeus Athens: The Birth of Democracy
44. Long Walls: Connect city with another site Why are these advantageous? Enable them to survive any siege
45. Piraeus
46. Present-Day Athens
47. Social Classes Citizens All men had rights Women could not vote or hold office Metics Born outside Athens Free, but could not own land Slaves Captured in war Athens: The Birth of Democracy
48. Early Government: ALL adult males met in assembly Elected generals & archons, or rulers Archons served 1 year terms Made laws, but didn’t write them all down Political Reform 600s BC – econ. discontent Why? Start to write down laws to calm people Draco – archon in 621 BC 1st written law code, but were harsh and severe Athens: The Birth of Democracy
49. Conditions grow worse; more people sold into slavery to pay off debts In this comes Solon: Archon in 594 BC Canceled debts of poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, & freed those who had been enslaved Divided Athenian citizenry into 4 groups based on wealth Athens: The Birth of Democracy
50. Think…….. What happens today if you cannot pay off your debts? Where does the basis of this idea come from?
51. A Democratic State 508 BC Cleisthenes Made changes that turned Athens into a democracy Ended old division of Athens in 4 tribes Instead, divided citizens into 10 tribes w/ 100 smaller units Each had self-governing power Council of 500 50 from each tribe Proposed laws to assembly Courts now democratic as well Each man could plead own case and a jury of citizens would decide case Called a direct democracy ALL citizens participate We have a representative democracy We elect people to represent us in gov’t Athens: The Birth of Democracy
52. Think…… Do you think a direct democracy would work well in the United States? Why or why not?
53. Religious and Moral Beliefs Differs greatly from that of the Egyptians, Persians, and Hebrews Greeks ask 3 things of their religion: An explanation for mysteries of the physical world (thunder, lightning, etc.) An explanation of the passions that the Greeks considered important A means for gaining such benefits as long life, good fortune, and abundant harvests Not concerned with life after death Though they went to underworld ruled by Hades
54. The Greek Gods
55. Mt. Olympus Highest mountain in Greece – 9576 ft
56. 12 Major Gods & Goddesses of Mt. Olympus Greek Mythology Myths are stories about gods & goddesses that were used to explain events in nature - traditional stories about deeds and misdeeds of gods, goddesses and heroes Zeus Poseidon Hades Hermes Hera Apollo Artemis Hephaestus Athena Demeter Aphrodite Ares
57. Main Gods/Goddesses Zeus & Hera Zeus – king of Gods Most powerful Hera Zeus’ sister/wife Protected women & marriage Athena Daughter of Zeus Goddess of wisdom, womanly virtue, & technical skill Protector of great city-states, esp. Athens Aphrodite Daughter of Zeus Goddess of love & beauty Apollo Son of Zeus God of light, music & poetry Symbol of manly beauty Dionysus God of fertility and wine Athena Apollo
58. Religious Practices Greeks believe Gods speak through priests at special sanctuaries called oracles Usually in answer to questions about the future Most famous Apollo at Delphi in the North Greeks had athletic contests in Gods honor
59. Religious Practices

60. 4.3

    Conflict in the Greek World
61. Things to Know Summarize how the Persian Wars affected Greece Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens Understand the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War
62. Persian Empire Conquered Ionia, and Ionians revolt (499 BC) Athens sends ships to help Darius I crushes Ionia, but is furious with Athens Send force to land near Marathon in 490 BC Athens WINS, despite being outnumbered The Persian Wars
63. City-States Unite Darius dies….but…. Son Xerxes comes back 10 years later in 480 BC Athens convinces others to help Persians land near Thermopylae, and face small group of Spartans Spartans lose, Persians march south and burn Athens, but Athenians had retreated Persians are lured into sea battle at Salamis, and Persians lose the Persian Wars Final blow came at Battle of Platea The Persian Wars
64. Delian League Athens comes out as the most powerful after Persian Wars Creates organization Delian League (alliance) Athens gains more power, and uses money from other city-states to build back its own Other city states upset, and form alliance against Athens The Persian Wars
65. 460 – 429 BC Golden Age for Athens Under Pericles Athenian Democracy Direct Democracy Take part directly in system Council of 500 Stipend paid; allowed poor to serve Also served on juries Hundreds or thousands of jurors Could vote to banish, or send away, a public figure Ostracism Live outside city for 10 years Age of Pericles & Direct Democracy
66. Peloponnesian League rivaled Delian League… Conflict broke out in 431 BC, lasts for 27 years Sparta defeats Athens Geography interferes; Sparta attacks by land, Athens can’t use navy Plague kills many inside walls of Athens War ends Athenian domination, and as they bickered amongst themselves, a new power arose in the north The Macedonians The Peloponnesian War

67. 4.4

    The Glory That Was Greece
68. Things To Know Analyze the political and ethical ideas developed by Greek philosophers Understand how balance and order governed Greek art and architecture
69. Golden Age What mental images are evoked when this term is used to describe a period in a people’s history? (CULTURAL HIGHPOINT) Is the present time a current highpoint – why or why not? What qualities must be present in a society before a period in a nation’s history can be considered a “golden age?” (WIDESPREAD AFFLUENCE, INTERNATIONAL POWER, ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, RELIGIOUS FERVOR, ETHICAL VALUES AND SOCIAL JUSTICE, HIGH STATUS FOR THE ARTS AND LITERATURE) Copy into notebooks and measure against Greek society as we go through this chapter
70. Lived in Athens from 470 BC to 399 BC What did he believe and what did this lead to? Unexamined life is not worth living; wanted people to think for themselves Way of teaching involved persistent questioning This is known today as the…. ….Socratic Method Also had enemies – Why? Socrates
71. Downfall What was he accused of? Why do you think this was significant in Ancient Athens? What was his fate? Found guilty and forced to drink poison; he accepted his fate Socrates
72. Who was he a student of? Socrates He founded the Academy, which was a school devoted to the teaching of philosophy How did he get his points across? Wrote dialogues among several different people Express many of his theories Did he concern himself with politics? Why or why not? Explain. WAS interested in politics, and wrote the Republic describing ideal concept of gov’t Believed people should do work for which they are best suited IDEAL GOV’T: Aristocracy – gov’t ruled by upper class, based on intelligence, reasoning, education, & high ideals Plato
73. He was a student of who? Plato Wanted to investigate every known field of knowledge at that time Studied political organization of 150 city-states in effort to describe principles of government Conclusion: Best form of gov’t contained only a middle class What did he believe about pure monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy? That each was too easily corrupted What, instead, did he believe in? That best form of gov’t harmonized the best aspects of the 3 types and was a kind of limited democracy Aristotle

74. 4.5

    Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
75. Things to Know Explain how Alexander the Great built an extensive empire Describe the empires’ cultural impact Identify individuals who contributed to Hellenistic civilization
76. Alexander the Great Macedonia
77. 359 BC Philip II becomes King of Macedon Did NOT want to rely on nobles to supply troops WHY??? Instead, recruits 1st paid army Philip II of Macedonia
78. 3 Parts of Army Cavalry: fighters mounted on horseback Infantry: group of soldiers trained & equipped to fight on foot Organized them into phalanxes Archers Philip II of Macedonia
79. Philip II overtakes all local nobles and unifies land of Macedon He then continues south into Greece Some Greeks liked him, other did not Continues to march south and defeats forces of Thebes & Athens at Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II becomes master of Greece Philip II of Macedonia
80. Philip II of Macedonia GREEKS FINALLY UNITED!!! No more city-states, BUT…. King Philip II never lives to see his dream come true Assassinated at daughter’s wedding in 336 B.C. Successor: ALEXANDER THE GREAT
81. Didn’t always get along with his father Was still taken care of, though Educated by Aristotle Military training in Macedonian army Alexander the Great
82. 1st Crushed ALL Greek rebellions in cities 2nd Moves beyond Greece Conquers Persia by 331 BC WANTS MORE! So he continues east…. Alexander the Great
83. …Wanted to go to India and beyond PROBLEM: His army doesn’t share his enthusiasm anymore… They won’t follow, and turn back in 326 BC ½ go one way, ½ go another Some by sea (to the west) Some by land (through desert – many die) Alexander the Great
84. 324 BC Army (decimated) returns to Susa, in southern Iraq Alexander withdraws to a lonely life, fearful… 323 BC Alexander in Babylon Becomes ill (malaria??) and dies in June of 323 BC Almost 33 years old Alexander the Great
85. Legacy… 13 years as King NEVER loses a battle Conquers ALL of KNOWN world His 3 Main Actions as Ruler Spreads Greek culture (Hellenism) – 70 cities established Encouraged integration of Macedonians and Persians into one ruling group Wanted his subjects to consider him to be a divine monarch (God-King) Alexander the Great
86. After death, Alexander’s general’s sought to fill vacuum Kill his family (leave no heirs behind for throne) Power divided in different regions until Romans come in 146 BC Alexander the Great
87. Conquests of Alexander the Great brought Greek culture to the: Nile Valley Southwest Asia Lands that border on India Spread of Hellenistic Culture
88. Class: Small class of very wealthy people Middle class that thrived because of what? Many opportunities for acquiring wealth Trade Large class of miserably poor people, mainly slaves The Economy
89. What was the most profitable activity in the Hellenistic world? Trade What contributed to this expansion? Bigger and better ships Cities: Became wonder of Hellenistic world Very carefully planned and laid out Alexandria, Egypt became greatest The Economy
90. - Ancient Lighthouse at Alexandria - Ancient Alexandria Library Constructed under Ptolemy I, following death of Alexander the Great
91. As middle class expands, what happens? Education becomes more widespread Why do you think this is the case? ____________________________________________________________________________ More of the world know becomes “Greek.” Why? Women improve their status Appear more often in public and acquire more property rights Changing Attitudes
92. Why do people, at this point, seek comfort in new religious ideas? Rise of Hellenistic kingdoms and decline of Greek concept of polis Makes people feel like they’ve lost control of their lives Some seek religion (promise of life after death in Hellenistic times; immortality) Others turn to philosophy Hellenistic Religion & Philosophy
93. Greeks of Hellenistic Age became outstanding scientists and mathematicians Euclid What did he develop? Geometry His book, Elements, has been used for more than 2,000 years & is basis for today’s geometry books Mathematics & Physics Euclid
94. Archimedes What did he do? Calculated value of pi Used geometry to measure spheres, cones, and cylinders Came up with Archimedes screw, which is a device still used today to bring water upward in a continuous flow Mathematics & Physics Archimedes
95. Archimedes Screw
96. Used math to calculate daily position of stars and planets Aristarchus of Samos believed that Earth & other planets moved around the Sun Hellenistic geographers knew world was round Eratosthenes calculated circumference of Earth with amazing accuracy Astronomy & Geography Greek Sun-Dial
97. Two features remain remarkable: Scientists learned a great deal about how the world worked with very simple instruments No microscopes, telescopes, or compasses Scientists showed little interest at this time in turning any of their practical inventions into labor-saving devices Hero: invented steam engine, but only regarded as a toy Characteristics of Hellenistic Science